Recitation Week 3

1. Patients with anterograde amnesia have great difficulty learning new information, but experiments have been performed that do show some spared learning. Amnesics have been able to

• a. learn how to read mirror-reversed words.

• b. show repetition priming effects.

• c. none of the above.

• d. both a and b.

2. Which of the following best describes the way in which learning depends on the reinforcer? 

• a. Reinforcers reduce response variability, while punishments eliminate responses altogether.

• b. Rewards make the action more likely in the future, while punishments make the action less likely in the future.

• c. Rewards make the action less likely in the future, while punishments make the action more likely in the future.

• d. Positive reinforcers decrease response frequency, while negative reinforcers increase it.

3. Which of the following is considered as an evidence for a shared system between declarative memory and non-declarative memory?

• a. Korsakoff patients can improve in their performance in the mirror drawing test despite their anterograde amnesia

• b. We have autobiographical memory, which involves both semantic and episodic memory

• c. Patient LSJ can recall semantic information related to her procedural skill of playing violin despite her dysfunctional declarative memory

• d. None of the above

4. According to Craik and Tulving's Levels of Processing theory, which of the following tasks would most likely result in better long-term memory retention?

• a. Counting the number of vowels in a list of words.

• b. Reading a list of words and noting their font style.

• c. Evaluating whether a word fits meaningfully into a sentence.

• d. Repeating a list of words aloud without considering their meaning.

5. In his 1885 study, Ebbinghaus measured LTM retention by testing how long it took him to relearn the same set of words over and over again. What is his rate of forgetting throughout the tasks?

• a. Forgetting was rapid initially and slows over time

• b. Forgetting was slow initially and speeds up over time

• c. Forgetting increases at a linear rate

• d. Forgetting is sensitive to individual items and does not form a generalized pattern

6. Why is free recall harder than cued recall?

• a. Since LTM content decays over time, cued recall is easier because it gives a better reconstruction of the decayed memory content

• b. Since all recall depends on retrieval cues, free recall is harder because it offers no retrieval cues

• c. Since LTM content decays over time, cued recall is easier because better encoding specificity makes memory less susceptible to decay

• d. Since all recall depends on retrieval cues, free recall is harder because contextual cues has much less encoding specificity

7. When trying to condition a stimulus to elicit a specific response from an organism, learning will be strongest when the stimulus:

• a. Predicts an outcome that is fully expected

• b. Occurs immediately after the outcome

• c. Provides new information about when the outcome will occur

• d. Is presented many times on its own before being paired with outcome

8. Which approach is most likely to produce the strongest memory that “ringo” means “apple” in Japanese?

• a. “Ringo” sounds like the English word “ring” so imagine an apple with a ring around it

• B. Repeat “ringo-apple” as a pair continuously

• C. Study “ringo” together with several other Japanese words that all mean difference fruits at the same time

• D. Alternate studying “ringo = apple” with studying other Japanese words that sound similar, but have different meanings

9. Which of the following demonstrates the propaganda effect?

• a. Recalling a slogan more accurately when it is paired with an emotional image

• b. Evaluating a statement as more truthful after repeated exposure to it

• c. Remembering information better when it is self-generated

• d. Changing attitudes after receiving explicit persuasive arguments

10. In Cohen & Squire’s 1980 study, Korsakoff patients and controls participated in the mirror reading task. How and why do control subjects outperform Korsakoff patients?

• a. Controls showed better performance across the board because the task relied on declarative memory

• b. Controls showed better performance in the repeated words group due to repetition priming, which relies on declarative memory

• c. Controls showed better performance in the repeated words group because their declarative memory help their performances on top of repetition priming

• d. Controls showed better performance in the novel words group because, while performance of repeated words primarily rely on working memory, performance of novel words primarily rely on declarative memory.