Distributing Computing

What factors make distributed systems fault-tolerant?

• Data replication, load balancing, automatic task redistribution

• Single-point processing, centralized data storage, static task allocation

• Increased hardware dependencies, manual error handling, single-node execution

• Reducing redundancy, limiting resource distribution, removing failover mechanisms

Which type of architecture allows a node to be both a client and a server?

• Client-Server Architecture

• Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Network

• Microservices Architecture

• Monolithic Architecture

Which protocol is most commonly used in IoT devices?

• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

• FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

• MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport)

How can deadlock be avoided?

• Using timeouts, priorities, and a strict resource acquisition order

• Ignoring resource dependencies and allowing circular wait

• Allocating all resources at once without release mechanisms

• Increasing the number of processes without controlling resource allocation

Which task scheduling algorithm prioritizes the first incoming request?

• Shortest Job Next (SJN)

• Round Robin (RR)

• First-Come, First-Served (FCFS)

• Priority Scheduling

Why is Spark faster than Hadoop?

• It relies only on disk storage for data processing

• It processes data sequentially instead of in parallel

• It has a higher dependency on MapReduce for every operation

• Uses in-memory computing

What is executed first in the Scatter-Gather-Reduce model?

• Gather (collecting distributed data)

• Reduce (aggregating results)

• Scatter (data distribution)

• Process (executing computation)

Which mechanism ensures fault tolerance in Kafka?

• Storing all messages on a single broker

• Using a single consumer for message processing

• Data replication between brokers

• Deleting messages immediately after consumption

How does distributed computing help in processing large datasets?

• A single machine processes all tasks sequentially

• Tasks are divided among multiple nodes

• Data is stored in a single central database for quick access

• Processing is delayed until all data is collected in one location

Which protocol is most commonly used for microservice interaction?

• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

• FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

• DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

• REST API (Representational State Transfer)