Midterm Exam – Emergent Literacy

According to John Hattie’s research, the most significant factor affecting student achievement is:

• School resources

• Teaching excellence

• Student background

• Curriculum design

Marie Clay’s emergent literacy research emphasizes that early readers rely on:

• Visual features, structure, meaning, and phonics

• Memorization of words

• Only phonics-based instruction

• Patterned texts without print recognition

The term “zone of proximal development” (ZPD) was introduced by:

• Jean Piaget

• B.F. Skinner

• Lev Vygotsky

• Carol Lyons

High Scope curriculum aligns with which major educational organization’s standards?

• International Literacy Association

• National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC)

• Common Core State Standards

• The Montessori Association

Phonemic awareness refers to: a) The ability to recognize letters and their sounds b) The ability to hear and manipulate the smallest units of sound in words c) The ability to read words automatically d) Understanding word meanings in context

• The ability to recognize letters and their sounds

• The ability to hear and manipulate the smallest units of sound in words

• The ability to read words automatically

• Understanding word meanings in context

Which of the following is a key characteristic of Pre-A level texts?

• Complex sentence structures

• Print with exaggerated spacing and repeated patterns

• No pictures, only text

• Long paragraphs with multisyllabic words

What is the primary goal when selecting a leveled book for emergent readers?

• To challenge them beyond their current ability

• To reinforce decoding skills exclusively

• To provide scaffolding while ensuring they can read with success

• To use only books with controlled vocabulary

Why are high-frequency words important for emergent readers?

• They are difficult to decode

• They help build automaticity in reading

• They are rarely used in texts

• They are taught through memorization alone

A good guided reading book introduction should: a) Give away the entire story b) Be overly detailed and lengthy c) Provide scaffolding without revealing too much d) Require students to read the book silently first

• Give away the entire story

• Be overly detailed and lengthy

• Provide scaffolding without revealing too much

• Require students to read the book silently first

The concept "Neurons that fire together wire together" illustrates that repeated practice in literacy leads to stronger neural connections. Which option best explains this relation?

• Repeated literacy practices strengthen the neural connections making reading skills more automatic.

• Neurons function independently and are not influenced by repeated literacy experiences.

• Literacy learning is solely based on genetic factors and does not involve neural rewiring.

• The phrase is unrelated to literacy and only applies to physical skills.