Cell Cycle, Transcription, and Translation Study Guide

The three main phases of Interphase are:

• G1, S, and G2 phases

• Prophase, Metaphase, and Anaphase

• Cytokinesis, Mitosis, and Meiosis

• Interphase, Prophase, and Telophase

Checkpoints are important in the cell cycle because they:

• ensure the cell is ready to proceed to the next phase

• prevent the cell from dividing

• speed up the cell cycle

• eliminate damaged cells

Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes, and what is its primary goal?

• In the cytoplasm; to synthesize proteins

• In the nucleus; to synthesize RNA

• In the mitochondria; to produce ATP

• In the ribosome; to translate mRNA

RNA polymerase is responsible for which process in transcription?

• Initiation of transcription

• Elongation of transcription

• Termination of transcription

• All of the above

Translation occurs in a cell at the ______, and the molecule that carries the genetic code used in translation is ______.

• ribosome, mRNA

• nucleus, DNA

• cytoplasm, tRNA

• mitochondria, rRNA

The roles of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA in translation are:

• mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome, tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome, and rRNA forms the core of the ribosome's structure and catalyzes protein synthesis.

• mRNA forms the core of the ribosome's structure, tRNA carries the genetic code, and rRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome.

• mRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome, tRNA carries the genetic code, and rRNA forms the core of the ribosome's structure.

• mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA all carry the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome.

A codon is a sequence of how many nucleotides, and what is its significance in the process of translation?

• Two nucleotides; it signals the start of translation.

• Three nucleotides; it codes for a specific amino acid.

• Four nucleotides; it terminates the translation process.

• Five nucleotides; it is involved in DNA replication.

The importance of the cell cycle checkpoints and the consequences of their failure can be explained by:

• Ensuring proper cell division and preventing cancer

• Increasing the rate of cell division

• Decreasing the size of the cell

• Promoting uncontrolled cell growth

Transcription and translation are processes that involve the synthesis of RNA and proteins, respectively. Which of the following statements best describes their similarities, differences, and interconnectedness?

• Both processes occur in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

• Transcription involves the synthesis of RNA from DNA, while translation involves the synthesis of proteins from RNA.

• Both processes require ribosomes to function.

• Transcription and translation are identical processes.

Translation is a process in which:

• DNA is converted into RNA

• RNA is converted into protein

• Proteins are converted into DNA

• RNA is converted into DNA