Which of the following is the primary risk factor for developing primary open angle glaucoma?

• Age over 60 years

• High intraocular pressure

• Family history of glaucoma

• All of the above

Which of the following medications is contraindicated in patients with angle-closure glaucoma?

• Pilocarpine

• Timolol

• Atropine

• Acetazolamide

A 60-year-old female with a history of hypertension presents with complaints of blurred vision and halos around lights. Her intraocular pressure is 24 mmHg. Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management?

• Initiate oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

• Perform gonioscopy

• Plan for trabeculectomy

• Refer for laser peripheral iridotomy

Which of the following is the first-line topical treatment for newly diagnosed primary open-angle glaucoma in clinical practice?

• Alpha agonist

• Topical prostaglandin analogs

• Oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

• Beta-blocker eye drops

Which of the following is the gold standard for measuring intraocular pressure?

• Applanation tonometry

• Indentation tonometry

• Rebound tonometry

• Non-contact tonometry

Which of the following is the hallmark feature of "coats' disease"?

• Retinal arteriolar narrowing

• Telangiectatic retinal vessels and retinal exudates

• Cotton wool spots and hemorrhages

• Cherry-red spot on the macula

The "Vossius ring" is a sign of:

• Trauma to the lens capsule

• Acute angle-closure glaucoma

• Chronic open-angle glaucoma

• Retinal detachment

Which of the following is a characteristic finding in "retinitis pigmentosa"?

• "Macular star" formation

• "Bone spicule" pigmentation

• Optic disc cupping

• "Silver wiring" of retinal arteries

In which condition is the "cherry-red spot" most commonly seen?

• Central retinal vein occlusion

• Diabetic retinopathy

• Central retinal artery occlusion

• Macular degeneration

All are principles of optical biometer, except

• Optical Low Coherence Reflectometry

• Partial Coherence Intereferometry

• Swept source technology

• Scanning Polarimetry