Thermodynamics and Photosynthesis Quiz

Whenever energy is transformed, there is always an increase in the

• free energy of the system

• free energy of the universe

• entropy of the system

• entropy of the universe

• enthalpy of the universe

Which of the following statements is a logical consequence of the second law of thermodynamics?

• if the entropy of a system increases, there must be a corresponding decrease in the entropy of the universe

• if there is an increase in the energy of a system, there must be a corresponding decrease in the energy of the rest of the universe

• Every energy transfer requires activation energy from the environment

• Every chemical reaction must increase the Total entropy of the universe

Which of the following statements is representative of the second law of thermodynamics?

• Conversion of energy from one form to another is always accompanied by some gain of free energy.

• Heat represents a form of energy that can be used by most organisms to do work.

• Without an input of energy, organisms would tend toward decreasing entropy.

• Cells require a constant input of energy to maintain their high level of organization.

Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?

• anabolic reactions

• hydrolysis

• respiration

• digestion

• catabolic reactions

Biological evolution of life on Earth, from simple prokaryote-like cells to large, multicellular eukaryotic organisms,

• has occurred in accordance with the laws of thermodynamics.

• has caused an increase in the entropy of the planet.

• has been made possible by expending Earth's energy resources.

• has occurred in accordance with the laws of thermodynamics, by expending Earth's energy resources and causing an increase in the entropy of the planet.

• violates the laws of thermodynamics because Earth is a closed system

Which of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy?

• the muscle contractions of a person mowing grass

• water rushing over Niagara Falls

• light flashes emitted by a firefly

• a molecule of glucose

• the flight of an insect foraging for food

For the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + Pi, the free-energy change is —7.3 kcal/mol under standard conditions (1 M concentration of both reactants and products). In the cellular environment, however, the free-energy change is about —13 kcal/mol. What can we conclude about the free-energy change for the formation of ATP from ADP and Pi under cellular conditions:

• It is +7.3 kcal/mol.

• It is less than +7.3 kcal/mol.

• It is about +13 kcal/mol.

Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into ______

Plants gather energy from sunlight with light-absorbing molecules called

• thylakoids

• chloroplasts

• pigments

• glucose

The Stroma is the space that surrounds

• thylakoids

• chloroplasts

• plants cells

• all of the above