Methodology

Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of the research process as described?

• Research Design + Measurement Tools → Research Hypothesis → Conducting study→ Data Analysis → Observation → Description of Results

• Observation → Research Hypothesis → Research Design + Measurement Tools → Conducting study→ Data Analysis → Description of Results

• Conducting study→ Research Hypothesis → Research Design + Measurement Tools → Observation → Data Analysis → Description of Results

During the Observation stage, which sources can be utilized?

• Research/Scientific studies

• Theories

• Personal reflections/observations

• All of the above

When forming a hypothesis, on what should you base your prediction?

• Your intuition only.

• Random ideas generated during the class.

• Personal reflections/observations

• Prior research and literature review.

What is a research hypothesis?

• A detailed description of the research design

• An assumption regarding the nature of a phenomenon that can be confirmed or falsified

• Dependent variable

• An untestable idea about a research topic

What distinguishes a directional hypothesis from a non-directional hypothesis?

• A non-directional hypothesis provides more detail than a directional hypothesis.

• Both types of hypotheses are identical in their formulation.

• A directional hypothesis specifies the expected difference or effect, while a non-directional hypothesis only states that a difference or effect exists.

• A directional hypothesis is less specific than a non-directional hypothesis.

Which of the following is an example of a non-directional hypothesis?

• Women are better than men in terms of intelligence.

• Women and men differ in terms of intelligence.

• Men are better than women in terms of intelligence.

• Intelligence increases with age.

Which of these best illustrates a directional hypothesis?

• There is a relationship between stress and sleep quality.

• Stress and sleep quality are related in some way.

• Increased stress leads to poorer sleep quality among college students.

• Sleep quality affects stress levels in an unspecified manner..

True or False: Variables do not change.

• True

• False

Answer explanation

Variables can vary or change.

What is a variable in the context of research?

• A constant factor that never changes.

• A measurable or manipulable characteristic that can vary.

• A summary of previous research findings.

• An untestable assumption.

What does operationalization mean in the context of research?

• Describing the theoretical background of a study

• Defining abstract concepts in practical, measurable terms

• Summarizing the results of previous studies

• Formulating a research question without measurement