During digestion, fructose is produced by the breakdown of larger molecules. Which type of molecule could be broken down to increase the body’s fructose levels?

• A) proteins

• B) vitamins

• C) triglycerides

• D) carbohydrates

What is the relationship between mass and solar energy in plants?

• Plants increase in mass as they convert solar energy to chemical energy.

• Plants increase in mass as they convert solar energy to thermal energy.

• Plants decrease in mass as they convert solar energy to chemical energy.

• Plants decrease in mass as they convert solar energy to thermal energy.

Which organism can change energy from the Sun into a form that is usable by other organisms?

• algae

• krill

• herring

• gull

Changes at the molecular level can turn proto-oncogenes into oncogenes. These changes cause unregulated cell division. Which disease is caused by this transformation?

• diabetes

• leukemia

• pneumonia

• hemophilia

A fish in a pond has longer protective spines than any other fish of its species. The spines keep the fish safe from predators. The fish has many offspring, which also have long spines. Which statement best describes what happened?

• A. A mutation caused a beneficial change in the fish.

• B. A mutation caused a harmful change in the fish.

• C. Longer spines caused a genetic change in the fish.

• D. Longer spines caused a temporary change in the fish.

Carlos bakes bread every Saturday. He mixes together:

• 4 cups of flour
• 2 cups of water
• 1 teaspoon of salt
• 1 envelope of yeast

He mixes the ingredients and kneads the dough. He lets it rise in a bowl for one hour. After the dough has risen, he puts it in a pan and lets it rise once more. Then, he bakes the bread in a hot oven for one hour.

The way a cell makes proteins is similar to the way Carlos bakes bread. Using the above story of baking bread as a model, which is the best analogy for how a mutation changes a protein?

• Carlos bakes his bread on Monday instead of Saturday.

• Carlos’s sister Anita bakes the bread instead of Carlos.

• Carlos divides the dough and bakes two loaves instead of just one.

• Carlos misreads the recipe and uses four cups of water instead of two.

In one species of animal, brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue eyes (b). A brown-eyed homozygous male is crossed with a blue-eyed homozygous female, as shown in the Punnett square below. What is the probability of the offspring having brown eyes?

• 0%

• 25%

• 50%

• 100%

In snapdragon plants, red flowers are dominant to white flowers. When red-flowered plants are crossed with white-flowered plants, pink flowers are produced. If a researcher wants to produce plants with only white flowers, what color should the parent plants be?

• both red

• both white

• one red and one white

• one white and one pink

When crossing parents with genotypes Rr and rr, what will be the percentages of the genotypes of the offspring?

• 75% Rr, 25% rr

• 50% Rr, 50% rr

• 100% Rr

• 100% rr

What is the probability of two healthy Tay-Sachs carriers having a child that has the disease?

• 0%

• 25%

• 50%

• 75%