chap 10 stimulus pt1

Source 1: Excerpt from Otto von Bismarck’s Opening Speech at the Berlin Conference, 1884

"The European powers gathered here today have a solemn duty to civilize the African continent. The progress of human industry and commerce demands that we bring order and governance to the lands that have yet to benefit from the advancements of modernity. Through clear agreements and cooperation, we shall ensure that Africa is open for all to develop its resources and uplift its peoples."

Which of the following best describes the broader historical justification used by Bismarck and other European leaders for their imperialist actions in Africa?

• The preservation of traditional African political structures

• The belief that European intervention was necessary for the economic and moral uplift of Africa

• The need to stop the spread of communism in non-industrialized regions

• The protection of Africa from exploitation by non-European powers

Source 1: Excerpt from Otto von Bismarck’s Opening Speech at the Berlin Conference, 1884

"The European powers gathered here today have a solemn duty to civilize the African continent. The progress of human industry and commerce demands that we bring order and governance to the lands that have yet to benefit from the advancements of modernity. Through clear agreements and cooperation, we shall ensure that Africa is open for all to develop its resources and uplift its peoples."

The Berlin Conference led directly to which of the following consequences?

• The elimination of European rivalries over African territories

• The division of Africa among European powers without consideration for existing ethnic or political boundaries

• The rapid decolonization of African nations in the early 20th century

• The establishment of African-led governments with European oversight

Source 1: Excerpt from Otto von Bismarck’s Opening Speech at the Berlin Conference, 1884

"The European powers gathered here today have a solemn duty to civilize the African continent. The progress of human industry and commerce demands that we bring order and governance to the lands that have yet to benefit from the advancements of modernity. Through clear agreements and cooperation, we shall ensure that Africa is open for all to develop its resources and uplift its peoples."

A historian evaluating Bismarck’s speech would likely argue that it reflects which of the following common features of imperial rhetoric?

• The emphasis on economic exploitation as the primary motive for imperial expansion

• The claim that European involvement was necessary for the advancement of so-called ‘uncivilized’ societies

• The promotion of indigenous sovereignty in collaboration with European powers

• The assertion that European nations had no interest in African resources

Which of the following best explains the reason why Liberia and Ethiopia remained independent by 1914?

• Liberia was a colony established by freed African Americans and supported by the United States, while Ethiopia successfully resisted Italian invasion at the Battle of Adwa.

• Both nations were entirely devoid of resources and thus unappealing to European powers.

• The Berlin Conference specifically designated these nations as neutral zones under European protection.

• Local African resistance movements prevented all European attempts at conquest.

The patterns of European colonization shown in the map best reflect which of the following economic motivations?

• The desire to create self-sufficient African economies independent of European markets

• The pursuit of raw materials and new markets to fuel industrial economies in Europe

• The European effort to eliminate all African involvement in global trade networks

• The belief that economic prosperity in Africa would strengthen African sovereignty

Which of the following long-term consequences resulted from the division of Africa shown on the map?

• The establishment of stable, ethnically homogeneous African states after decolonization

• The continued influence of European-imposed borders, contributing to political instability and ethnic conflicts

• The complete economic independence of African nations from European economies

• The gradual transition from European rule to indigenous African governance without conflict

Source 3: Excerpt from Herbert Spencer, English Social Theorist, 1883

"It is evident that the stronger and more advanced races will inevitably replace the weaker and stagnant ones. This is not an unfortunate occurrence, but a necessary process of human progress. Those who fail to adapt must yield to those who shape the future."

The ideas expressed by Spencer in the passage above were most often used to justify which of the following?

• The abolition of slavery in European-controlled territories

• The forced assimilation and domination of non-European peoples under imperial rule

• The rejection of European intervention in non-Western societies

• The promotion of indigenous self-rule and political independence

Source 3: Excerpt from Herbert Spencer, English Social Theorist, 1883

"It is evident that the stronger and more advanced races will inevitably replace the weaker and stagnant ones. This is not an unfortunate occurrence, but a necessary process of human progress. Those who fail to adapt must yield to those who shape the future."

The application of Spencer’s ideas to imperial policies is most directly reflected in which of the following?

• The British policy of indirect rule, which preserved local traditions and rulers

• The belief in the "White Man’s Burden," which argued for European intervention to civilize non-Western peoples

• The Pan-African movement, which sought unity among African nations against imperialism

• The Monroe Doctrine, which opposed European involvement in the Western Hemisphere

Source 3: Excerpt from Herbert Spencer, English Social Theorist, 1883

"It is evident that the stronger and more advanced races will inevitably replace the weaker and stagnant ones. This is not an unfortunate occurrence, but a necessary process of human progress. Those who fail to adapt must yield to those who shape the future."

Which of the following is the most significant historical criticism of the ideas expressed by Spencer?

• They were rejected by European imperial governments in favor of indigenous-led development.

• They ignored the complexities of non-European civilizations and used pseudo-scientific arguments to justify racism and oppression.

• They led to the immediate decolonization of African and Asian territories.

• They supported the idea that imperial conquest was motivated solely by economic necessity rather than cultural superiority.

The African resistance movements depicted in the map most directly challenged which of the following European assumptions about imperialism?

• That European industrial technology made resistance impossible

• That African societies would willingly embrace European rule

• That European powers had no interest in long-term control of African territories

• That African nations would quickly adopt European political institutions