AP Psych Unit 4 #1

When Cyrus fails to complete his part of a group project on time, he blames it on having other family obligations. However, if one of his classmates fails to deliver on their responsibilities, he explains that it happened because of that classmate's laziness or lack of commitment, without considering potential external factors affecting their peer. Which of the following best describes this attribution?

• Self-serving bias

• Fundamental attribution error

• Actor-observer bias

• Confirmation bias

Prejudice is best defined as:

• A belief that all members of a group share the same characteristics

• An unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members

• A set of behaviors designed to exclude certain groups

• The tendency to favor one’s own group

Following 9/11, some outraged people lashed out at innocent Arab-Americans. This venting of hostility can best be explained in terms of:

• Displacement

• Groupthink

• Scapegoat theory

• Social facilitation

Individuals who identify with a particular political party may see members of other parties as being more alike than they actually are. They might stereotype individuals from other political parties as having similar beliefs or behaviors, even though there can be considerable diversity within any political group. This best illustrates:

• Out-group homogeneity bias

• Mere exposure effect

• Social loafing

• In-group favoritism

Following a natural disaster such as a hurricane or earthquake, individuals may attribute the devastation to the morally failing behavior of the affected communities, rather than acknowledging the indiscriminate nature of natural events. Which of the following best explains this attribution?

• Self-serving bias

• Just-world hypothesis

• Cognitive dissonance

• Social comparison theory

Suppose researchers conduct in-depth interviews with a small group of adolescents to explore their experiences and perceptions regarding social media use and its impact on self-esteem. They analyze the qualitative data to identify common themes and patterns. What type of methodology does this study use?

• Experimental research

• Correlational research

• Qualitative research/Case study

• Longitudinal research

During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory best explains why Abe adopted this new attitude?

• Social learning theory

• Cognitive dissonance theory

• Operant conditioning

• Group polarization

Putting on scrubs for the first time as a dentist or doctor can feel like playing dress-up but over time new doctors jump into the day-to-day work and follow social cues in their environment. This best illustrates:

• Role-playing affects attitudes/Mere exposure

• Social identity theory

• Groupthink

• Deindividuation

During contract negotiations, an employee union proposes a significant increase in wages and benefits for its members. When the employer declines the request due to budget constraints, the union revises its proposal, asking for a more modest wage increase and improved healthcare benefits, which now seem more reasonable in comparison and is granted. Which of the following methods was being used by the employee union?

• Foot-in-the-door technique

• Door-in-the-face technique

• Reciprocity norm

• Social proof

Opinion change resulting from a thoughtful focus on the content of arguments illustrates:

• Peripheral route to persuasion

• Central route to persuasion

• Social facilitation

• Group polarization