Percpetion and Thinking review questions

What is the primary difference between bottom-up and top-down processing?

• Both rely on internal prior expectations.

• Bottom-up relies on external sensory information, top-down relies on prior expectations.

• Bottom-up relies on prior expectations, top-down relies on sensory information.

• Both rely on external sensory information.

Which of the following is an example of a monocular depth cue?

• Retinal disparity

• Binocular disparity

• Convergence

• Linear perspective

What is the cocktail party effect an example of?

• Change blindness

• Inattention blindness

• Visual constancy

• Selective attention

What is the term for maintaining the perception of an object even when its image changes?

• Apparent movement

• Functional fixedness

• Perceptual constancy

• Change blindness

What is a heuristic?

• A method that attempts all possible solutions

• An ideal example of a concept

• A mental shortcut for making judgments

• A framework for thinking

What is the gambler’s fallacy?

• Continuing a behavior due to prior investment

• Believing past events affect the probability of future events

• Using mental shortcuts to make judgments

• Ignoring changes in the environment

What is functional fixedness?

• The ability to generate novel ideas

• A type of perceptual constancy

• A cognitive process that hinders creative thinking

• A method of organizing goal-directed behaviors

What is the process of changing a schema to incorporate new information called?

• Framing

• Assimilation

• Accommodation

• Priming

Advertisers know that a thirty-three percent discount sounds like a better deal than a discount of one third.  This best illustrates:

• framing.
• belief bias.
• representativeness heuristics.
• confirmation bias.

A defense attorney emphasizes to a jury that her client works full-time, supports his family, and enjoys leisure-time hobbies. Although none of this information is relevant to the trial, it is designed to make the defendant appear to be a typical member of the local community. The lawyer is most clearly attempting to take advantage 

• confirmation bias.
• functional fixedness.
• belief perseverance.
• the representativeness heuristic.