Recap of Research II

What is a variable in research?

• A fixed factor in a study that remains constant throughout the experiment.

• Any characteristic, number, or quantity that can change or take on different values in a study.

• A conclusion drawn by the researcher after analyzing the numerical data collected from several respondents.

• A tool used to measure the accuracy of a research study.

What is the population in a research study?

• A small subset of participants chosen randomly to represent the entire group.

• The total number of people who participate in a survey or experiment.

• The group of individuals, objects, or events that a researcher is interested in studying

• A list of all possible data points collected during the research

How is a hypothesis best defined in research?

• A statement that predicts a possible relationship between two or more variables, which can be tested through experimentation or observation

• A question that researchers seek to answer by gathering data from different sources and comparing them to descriptive data

• A summary of all the findings and conclusions drawn from a study

• A detailed explanation of the methods used to collect and analyze data

What does the term sampling mean in research?

• The process of selecting a subset of individuals from a larger population to represent the entire group in a study

• The act of collecting data through surveys, experiments, or interviews from a wide number of participants

• The method of analyzing data using statistical formulas to find patterns and relationships

• The practice of organizing data into tables and charts for better presentation

A researcher is studying customer preferences for different smartphone brands. She collects data on the following categorical variables:
·      Brand Preference (Apple, Samsung, Google, etc.)

·      User Type (New Customer, Returning Customer)

Satisfaction Level (Very Satisfied, Satisfied, Neutral, Dissatisfied, Very Dissatisfied)
Which of the following BEST describes the types of categorical variables used in this study?

• Brand Preference and User Type are ordinal, while Satisfaction Level is nominal

• Brand Preference and Satisfaction Level are nominal, while User Type is ordinal

• Brand Preference and User Type are nominal, while Satisfaction Level is ordinal

• All three variables are nominal

A teacher is recording students' eye color and math test scores. How should she classify these variables?

• Eye color is categorical, math test score is numerical

• Eye color is numerical, math test score is categorical

• Both are categorical variables

• Both are numerical variables

A researcher wants to explore the impact of online learning on student performance in senior high school. The study aims to measure whether the use of online learning platforms results in better grades compared to traditional face-to-face learning. The researcher plans to collect data from two groups of students: one group that has been using online platforms for the semester and another group that has been learning through in-person classes. The researcher will then compare the academic performance (grades) of both groups. Which research design would be most appropriate for this study?

• correlational design where the researcher simply examines whether there is a relationship between the amount of time students spend on online learning platforms and their academic performance without manipulating any variables.

• An experimental design where the researcher manipulates the learning environment (online vs. face-to-face) to see if there is a cause-and-effect relationship between the type of learning and student performance, using random assignment to ensure comparability

• A descriptive design where the researcher collects data about the academic performance of students in both groups (online learning vs. face-to-face learning) without attempting to manipulate or compare the groups, only reporting their observed outcomes

• A quasi-experimental design where the researcher compares the performance of students in both learning environments, but without random assignment, as the students are already assigned to their respective learning methods

A researcher wants to investigate the effect of a mindfulness meditation program on reducing anxiety among senior high school students. The researcher will first measure students’ anxiety levels before they participate in the meditation program, then measure their anxiety levels again after the program ends. The researcher does not plan to manipulate who participates in the program; students self-select into the program. Which research design would be most appropriate for this study?

• A correlational design, where the researcher examines if there is a relationship between students' participation in the mindfulness program and their anxiety levels without manipulating any variables

• An experimental design, where the researcher randomly assigns students to either a mindfulness meditation group or a non-participating control group to observe any differences in anxiety levels, ensuring that the results can be attributed to the program

• A descriptive design, where the researcher simply measures anxiety levels before and after the program and reports the results, but does not analyze any potential relationships or comparisons between the groups

• A quasi-experimental design, where the researcher compares the anxiety levels of students who participated in the mindfulness program with those who did not, but without random assignment, as students self-selected into the program

A researcher wants to study the level of job satisfaction among engineers working in a large construction company with 5,000 employees. Since surveying all employees is impractical, the researcher decides to select a subset of the employees. To ensure fairness and accuracy, the researcher considers different sampling techniques. Which sampling technique would be the most appropriate for selecting participants in this study

• Simple Random Sampling – The researcher assigns numbers to all employees and uses a computer-generated random selection to choose participants

• Stratified Sampling – The researcher divides employees into different categories based on their job roles (e.g., civil engineers, electrical engineers, mechanical engineers) and randomly selects participants from each category to ensure representation

• Systematic Sampling – The researcher obtains a list of all employees and selects every 10th employee from the list to be part of the study

• Purposive Sampling – The researcher selects only engineers who have worked in the company for at least 5 years, assuming they have the most relevant experience regarding job satisfaction

Title: Effect of Teaching Strategies on Student Performance

A researcher wants to compare the mean scores of three different groups of students who were taught using different teaching strategies: lecture-based, collaborative learning, and flipped classroom. The goal is to determine if there is a significant difference in their test scores. Which statistical tool should be used to analyze the differences between the three groups?

 

• T-test

• ANOVA

• Chi-square test

• Pearson’s Correlation