venous: disease

What is venous compliance?

• Ability to handle large changes in volume without greatly affecting the pressure.

• Ability to contract and relax quickly.

• Ability to transport oxygen efficiently.

• Ability to resist changes in pressure.

Virchow's triad lists risk factors contributing to clot formation. Match each component to a specific example provided in the content.

• stasis

• Catheters, PICC lines, IV

• trauma(intrinsic)

• Increased clotting of blood; pregnancy; cancer; oral contraceptives; inherited states (factor V Leiden, protein C, protein S)

• Hypercoagulability

• Bed rest, obesity, pregnancy, paralytics, congestive heart failure, surgery related

• Trauma(extrinsic)

• Accident, fall

A postoperative patient on bed rest who is also taking oral contraceptives is at increased risk of thrombosis. Using Virchow's triad from the content, which two components are directly implicated in this scenario?

• Trauma and stasis

• Stasis and hypercoagulability

• Trauma and hypercoagulability

• Only hypercoagulability

Which syndrome involves stress or effort thrombosis of the subclavian or axillary vein due to repetitive trauma to the vessel, often seen in a baseball pitcher with unilateral upper extremity pain and swelling and is also venous component of TOS?

• May-Thurner syndrome

• Paget-Schroetter syndrome

• Nutcracker syndrome

• SVC syndrome

In May-Thurner syndrome, which vessel compresses the left common iliac vein (Lt CIV) leading to venous stasis and thrombosis?

• Left common iliac artery (Lt CIA)

• Superior mesenteric artery (SMA)

• Right common iliac artery (Rt CIA)

• Abdominal aorta

Nutcracker syndrome is best described as:

• Compression of the superior vena cava causing bilateral facial and upper extremity swelling

• Compression of the left renal vein by the SMA and aorta, leading to potential thrombosis of the LRV

• Effort thrombosis of the axillary vein related to thoracic outlet syndrome

• Thrombosis of deep veins following previous DVT causing chronic insufficiency

A patient presents with bilateral facial swelling, bilateral upper extremity swelling, and dyspnea due to thrombosis or compression by a mass. Which condition is most likely?

• Paget-Schroetter syndrome

• SVC syndrome

• Nutcracker syndrome

• Phlegmasia cerulea dolens

Which statement differentiates phlegmasia alba dolens from phlegmasia cerulea dolens in the context of severe acute iliofemoral DVT?

( this is a combo of DVT and arterial symptoms)

• Alba dolens presents with pain, swelling, and blue discoloration; cerulea dolens presents with pain, swelling, and white discoloration

• Alba dolens triggers arterial spasms; cerulea dolens reduces arterial inflow

• Alba dolens reduces arterial inflow; cerulea dolens triggers arterial spasms

• Both conditions are characterized by pain, swelling, and white discoloration

Phlegmasia alba dolens is characterized by which set of features according to the content?

• Pain, swelling, blue discoloration; reduces arterial inflow

• Pain, swelling, white discoloration; triggers arterial spasms

• Bilateral upper extremity swelling and dyspnea from SVC thrombosis

• Compression of the left renal vein by the SMA and aorta

Phlegmasia cerulea dolens is characterized by which set of features according to the content?

• Pain, swelling, blue discoloration; reduces arterial inflow

• Pain, swelling, white discoloration; triggers arterial spasms

• Bilateral upper extremity swelling and dyspnea from SVC thrombosis

• Compression of the left renal vein by the SMA and aorta