When individuals are instructed to divide their attention between a memory encoding task and other tasks, their performance on the encoding task generally shows

• no significant change

• a small decline

• a marked improvement.

• a large decline

Two students took a memory test that involved 20 nouns shown sequentially on a TV monitor. Mallory tried to think of rhymes for each word as it appeared on the monitor; Bailey tried to think of ways each word could be used in a sentence. Based on Craik and Lockhart’s levels-of-processing theory, you should predict that

• Bailey will have better recall of the words because she used semantic encoding.

• both students should have equivalent recall of the words.

• Bailey will have poorer recall of the words because she used structural encoding.

• Mallory will have better recall of the words because she used semantic encoding.

You look up the phone number of the new pizza restaurant down the street and repeat the number silently in your head until you find a pad of paper to write it down. The process of actively repeating the number is called

• Chunking

• Retrieval

• Encoding

• Rehearsal

Variations in working memory capacity correlate strongly with measures of high-level cognitive abilities such as

• reading comprehension

• Physical mimicry

• Reaction time

• Sense of balance

Human memory is “reconstructive.” This means that

• people reconstruct memories faithfully, like a video recording.

• memories are composed of two components: their content, and their source.

• we extrapolate details and fill in gaps based on our expectations.

• we can tell similar memories apart only when we recall them explicitly.

Some memory theorists argue that forgetting is actually adaptive because it

• provides difficulty that forces you to practice and improve at memory-based skills.

• can let your personality and habits change more readily.

• prevents your memory from being overly cluttered with information.

• allows you to avoid re-experiencing painful memories.

The encoding specificity principle states that

• memories stored abstractly are less durable than those stored with specific sensory or autobiographical context.

• most forgetting is explained by an initial failure to pay attention and properly encode information.

• the principal cause of forgetting is the gradual fading of the memory code over time.

• the value of a retrieval cue depends on how well it corresponds to the memory code.

Imagine that researchers find some memories are lost very quickly, while other memories last much longer. This
evidence would create the MOST problems for the which theory of forgetting?

• Interference

• Repression

• Decay

• Pseudoforgetting

Your roommate is recovering from brain surgery to remove a small tumor in her frontal lobe. Your roommate appears fine but cannot remember anything that has happened since the surgery. Your roommate's memory problems are consistent with those seen in 

• Pseudoforgetting

• retrograde amnesia

• anterograde amnesia

• traumatic amnesia

The memory system that handles factual knowledge is called

• Episodic memory

• Declarative memory

• Non Declarative memory

• Semantic memory