EOC Practice Questions 1

Which biomolecule is primarily responsible for providing structural support to cells and tissues?

• A) Carbohydrates

• B) Lipids

• C) Proteins

• D) Nucleic acids

Answer explanation

Proteins are the primary biomolecules that provide structural support to cells and tissues, forming essential components like collagen and keratin, which maintain the integrity and shape of various biological structures.

Which biomolecule is the main source of long-term energy storage in organisms?

• A) Carbohydrates

• B) Lipids

• C) Proteins

• D) Nucleic acids

Answer explanation

Lipids are the primary biomolecules for long-term energy storage in organisms, as they can store more energy per gram than carbohydrates and proteins, making them efficient for energy reserves.

SCR - Compare and contrast the structures and functions of DNA and RNA in cells.

• DNA is double-stranded and stores genetic information; RNA is single-stranded and helps in protein synthesis.

• DNA is single-stranded and helps in protein synthesis; RNA is double-stranded and stores genetic information.

• Both DNA and RNA are double-stranded and store genetic information.

• Both DNA and RNA are single-stranded and help in protein synthesis.

Answer explanation

DNA is double-stranded, providing stability for genetic information storage, while RNA is single-stranded, allowing it to play a crucial role in protein synthesis by acting as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes.

Carbohydrates are used for short-term energy storage and provide structural support in cells. Which of the following is an example of each function?

• Glycogen for energy storage; cellulose for structural support

• Cellulose for energy storage; glycogen for structural support

• Starch for structural support; glucose for energy storage

• Glucose for structural support; starch for energy storage

Answer explanation

Glycogen is a polysaccharide that serves as a short-term energy storage in animals, while cellulose provides structural support in plant cell walls. Thus, the correct choice is glycogen for energy storage and cellulose for structural support.

Which of the following is a characteristic of prokaryotic cells?

• A) Presence of a nucleus

• B) No Membrane-bound organelles

• C) Complex internal structures

• D) Larger size compared to eukaryotic cells

Answer explanation

Prokaryotic cells are characterized by the absence of membrane-bound organelles, unlike eukaryotic cells which have a nucleus and complex structures. Therefore, the correct answer is B) No Membrane-bound organelles.

Compare the complexity of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including their internal structures and organization. Refer to the diagram comparing eukaryote and prokaryote cells for additional information.

• Prokaryotic cells are more complex than eukaryotic cells, with many internal structures.

• Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells, with membrane-bound organelles and a defined nucleus.

• Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have the same level of complexity and internal organization.

• Prokaryotic cells have a defined nucleus and many membrane-bound organelles.

Answer explanation

Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells because they contain membrane-bound organelles and a defined nucleus, which are absent in prokaryotic cells, making eukaryotes structurally and functionally more advanced.

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NGSS.MS-LS1-1

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Which of the following is a characteristic of eukaryotic cells?

• Lack of membrane-bound organelles

• Simple internal structure

• Presence of a nucleus

• Small size compared to prokaryotic cells

Answer explanation

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by the presence of a nucleus, which houses their genetic material. In contrast, prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

SCR - Contrast the scientific explanations for the complexity of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

• Prokaryotic cells are generally simpler and lack membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells are more complex with specialized organelles.

• Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have the same level of complexity and organelles.

• Eukaryotic cells are simpler than prokaryotic cells because they lack a nucleus.

• Prokaryotic cells have more specialized organelles than eukaryotic cells.

Answer explanation

Prokaryotic cells are simpler, lacking membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells are more complex with specialized organelles, making the first answer choice correct.

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Based on the diagram, which of the following organelles is found in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells?

• Nucleoid

• Mitochondrion

• Capsule

• Flagellum

Answer explanation

The mitochondrion is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells, responsible for energy production. Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles, including mitochondria, which distinguishes them from eukaryotes.

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Which type of transport requires energy to move molecules across the cell membrane against their concentration gradient?

• Passive transport

• Facilitated diffusion

• Active transport

• Osmosis

Answer explanation

Active transport requires energy to move molecules against their concentration gradient, unlike passive transport, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis, which do not require energy.