gb pathophysiology

Which of the following mechanisms is primarily involved in the formation of cholesterol gallstones?

• Increased bile acid secretion

• Decreased bile acid secretion

• Supersaturation of bile with cholesterol

• Hypersecretion of phospholipids

Gallbladder hypomotility contributes to stone formation by

• Increasing bile acid production

• Causing statasis of bile

• Enhancing cholesterol absorption

• Decreasing bilirubin levels

Which of the following components prevents cholesterol crystallization in bile?

• Lecithin

• Bilirubin

• Albumin

• Triglycerides

What is the role of bile salts in the prevention of gallstones?

• They increase gallbladder wall tension

• They inhibit cholesterol absorption in the intestines

• They solubilize cholesterol in bile

• They stimulate hepatic cholesterol synthesis

Pigment stones are primarily formed due to:

• Excess dietary cholesterol

• Chronic hemolysis and increased unconjugated bilirubin

• High-fat diet

• Increased bile salt concentration

In chronic cholecystitis, repeated episodes of inflammation can lead to:

• Decreased bile secretion

• Gallbladder cancer

• Fibrosis and thickening of the gallbladder wall

• Portal hypertension

Which hormone stimulates gallbladder contraction and bile release?

• Cck

• Gastrin

• Peptide

• Somatostatin

In acute calculous cholecystitis, the pathophysiology primarily involves:

• Hematogenous spread of infection

• Bile reflux into the pancreas

• Obstruction of the cystic duct by a stone

• Autoimmune inflammation of bile ducts

Gallstone ileus occurs due to:

• Compression of the duodenum by a large stone

• Gallstone-induced perforation of the common bile duct

• Migration of a large stone into the intestine via a cholecystoenteric fistula

• Spasm of the sphincter of Oddi

Which of the following changes is most commonly seen in the bile composition of patients with cholesterol gallstones?

• Increased bile salt to cholesterol ratio

• Increased lecithin levels

• Increased cholesterol to bile salt ratio

• Increased conjugated bilirubin