CHEM 111 Final Exam Review Outline

Nucleic acids include nucleotide ATP as well as ______/NAD+; FADH2/FAD.

• NADH

• GTP

• AMP

• ADP

Define metabolism.

• Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a living organism to maintain life.

• Metabolism is the process of cell division in plants only.

• Metabolism refers to the movement of muscles in animals.

• Metabolism is the storage of genetic information in the nucleus.

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Define anabolism.

• Anabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units, requiring energy.

• Anabolism is the process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy.

• Anabolism is the conversion of light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis.

• Anabolism is the process of transporting molecules across cell membranes without energy.

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What is the structure of ATP?

• ATP consists of a nitrogenous base, ribose, and three phosphoryl groups.

• ATP consists of a nitrogenous base, deoxyribose, and two phosphoryl groups.

• ATP consists of a nitrogenous base, ribose, and one phosphoryl group.

• ATP consists of a nitrogenous base, deoxyribose, and three phosphoryl groups.

What is the main function of ATP in the cell?

• ATP serves as a universal energy source and a go-between molecule that couples exergonic catabolism reactions to endergonic anabolic reactions.

• ATP acts as a structural component of cell membranes.

• ATP is primarily responsible for storing genetic information.

• ATP functions mainly as a catalyst in enzymatic reactions.

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List the three stages of catabolic processes.

• Stage 1: Hydrolysis of macromolecules into smaller monomers; Stage 2: Conversion of monomers that can be oxidized into acetyl-CoA; Stage 3: Complete oxidation of acetyl-CoA and the production of ATP.

• Stage 1: Synthesis of macromolecules; Stage 2: Reduction of acetyl-CoA; Stage 3: Storage of energy as glycogen.

• Stage 1: Oxidation of glucose to pyruvate; Stage 2: Fermentation; Stage 3: Formation of nucleic acids.

• Stage 1: Breakdown of proteins into amino acids; Stage 2: Conversion of amino acids to nucleotides; Stage 3: Synthesis of DNA.

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What is glycolysis? Fill in the blank: Glycolysis is the pathway for carbohydrate catabolism (breakdown) that begins with ______ as the substrate, occurs free in the cytoplasm, requires no oxygen, and is catalyzed by ten different enzymes.

• D-glucose

• Galactose

• D-fructose

• Sucrose

What is fermentation? Fill in the blank: Fermentation is a catabolic reaction occurring with ______ net oxidation.

• no

• high

• low

• maximum

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What is gluconeogenesis? Fill in the blank: Gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from ______ starting materials such as lactate or amino acids.

• noncarbohydrate

• carbohydrate

• lipid

• fatty acid

What is glycogenolysis? Fill in the blank: Glycogenolysis is ______ breakdown.

• glycogen

• protein

• lipid

• nucleic acid