CRM100

According to Garland, modern criminology is the product of two initially separate streams of work. What are these two streams?

• The sociological project and the psychological project

• The government project and the lombrosian project

• The biological project and the social project

• The legal project and the political project

Edwin Sutherland defined criminology as "the study of..."?

• Criminal behaviour and its prevention

• The making of laws, breaking of laws, and society’s reaction to the breaking of laws

• The causes of crime and the punishment of offenders

• Deviant behaviour and social control

Hillyard & Tombs (2004) raise several lines of criticism regarding the concept of 'crime'. Which of the following is NOT listed as a major criticism?

• Crime has no ontological reality; acts themselves are not intrinsically criminal

• Criminology perpetuates the myth of crime

• Crime consists of many petty events

• Crime is universally defined and consistently applied across jurisdictions

What is the primary purpose of victimisation surveys in measuring crime?

• To measure crime rates based on police reports

• To estimate the size of the gap between reported and unreported crimes

• To collect data directly from offenders about their criminal activity

• To assess the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies

What theory says that three elements MUST converge for a crime to occur? (Type it out in full)

Which term refers to the number of committed crimes that are never reported or are never discovered, putting into doubt the effectiveness of official crime data?

• Attrition

• Clear-up rates

• Incidence rate

• Dark figure

Spiritual explanations for events, including crime, are based on the belief that many events result from the influence of...?

• Biological factors

• Social structures

• Psychological predispositions

• Otherworldly powers

Jeremy Bentham's pleasure-pain principle states that human behaviour is generally directed at...?

• Following societal rules and norms

• Achieving spiritual enlightenment

• Maximising pleasure and avoiding pain

• Contributing to the greater good of society

In the rational choice theory developed by Clarke and Cornish, 'bounded rationality' suggests that offenders' decisions are...?

• Completely random and unpredictable

• Always perfectly rational and strategic

• Solely based on long-term consequences

• Limited by the information, time, and resources available to them

Critics of individual positivism argue that it relies on problematic assumptions including determinism, differentiation, and pathology. What does the assumption of 'determinism' suggest?

• That offenders are distinctly different from non-offenders

• That there are factors beyond the individual that constrain people in ways that lead to crime, overlooking human decision-making

• That criminal behaviour is the result of something that went wrong in a person's life

• That all individuals are born with criminal tendencies