AP PSYCH - UNIT 4 DEFINITIONS

Actor-observer bias

• The tendency for observers to attribute their own behavior to external causes.

• The tendency for actors to attribute their behavior to internal causes.

• The tendency for those acting in a situation to attribute their behavior to external causes, while observers attribute others’ behavior to internal causes.

• The tendency for both actors and observers to attribute behavior to situational factors.

Ingroup bias

• The tendency to favor our own group.

• The tendency to dislike outsiders.

• The tendency to be neutral towards all groups.

• The tendency to favor larger groups over smaller ones.

Ingroup

• 'Us' – people with whom we share a common identity.

• 'Them' – people who are different from us.

• A group of people who are always in conflict.

• A random collection of individuals without any commonality.

Outgroup

• 'Us' – those perceived as similar to our ingroup.

• 'Them' – those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.

• 'Everyone' – all individuals regardless of group affiliation.

• 'None' – individuals who do not belong to any group.

Informational social influence

• Influence resulting from a person’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.

• Influence that occurs when individuals conform to group norms to be liked or accepted.

• Influence that arises from the desire to be correct and to understand the right way to behave.

• Influence that is based on the authority of a person or group.

Deindividuation

• The process of becoming more self-aware in a group setting.

• The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

• A method of enhancing individual performance in a team.

• The ability to maintain personal identity in a crowd.

Attitudes

• Feelings often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

• Neutral responses that do not affect our behavior towards others.

• Strong opinions that are always based on factual evidence.

• Temporary emotions that change frequently and do not influence behavior.

Fundamental attribution error

• The tendency to attribute others' behavior to their personality rather than the situation.

• The tendency to overestimate the impact of the situation on behavior.

• The tendency to underestimate the role of personal disposition in behavior.

• The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition when analyzing others’ behavior.

Role

• A set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

• A type of social interaction that occurs between individuals.

• A formal title given to a person in an organization.

• A method of evaluating performance in a workplace.

Social script

• A set of rules for social media etiquette.

• A culturally modeled guide on how to act in various situations.

• A script used in theater performances.

• A guideline for writing social studies essays.