During a phase change, the temperature of a substance remains constant due to:

• Molecular vibration

• Latent heat absorption/release

• Kinetic energy reduction

• Pressure changes

When sketching a temperature-time graph for water freezing, the horizontal line at 0°C represents:

• Constant kinetic energy

• Molecular alignment

• Latent heat release

• Thermal equilibrium

The formula Q = m × c × ΔT relates:

• Pressure, volume, and temperature

• Heat energy, mass, specific heat capacity, and temperature change

• Acceleration, force, and mass

• Electrical current, resistance, and voltage

In a calorimetry experiment, minimizing heat loss is critical because:

• It affects measurement precision

• Heat cannot escape containers

• Thermal conductivity is constant

• Energy is always conserved perfectly

The specific heat capacity of water is approximately:

• 1.0 J/(g·°C)

• 4.186 J/(g·°C)

• 2.5 J/(g·°C)

• 0.5 J/(g·°C)

When 1000 J of energy is applied to 50 g of water, the temperature change will be:

• 2.39°C

• 4.78°C

• 9.56°C

• 1.19°C

An insulated container in thermal experiments helps to:

• Increase temperature

• Reduce heat transfer

• Accelerate molecular motion

• Change specific heat capacity

The slope of a temperature-time graph indicates:

• Molecular density

• Pressure changes

• Rate of heat transfer

• Chemical composition

Which factor most significantly affects temperature change in a substance?

• Mass

• Color

• Shape

• Texture

In a laboratory setting, calibrating equipment means:

• Painting equipment

• Adjusting for accurate measurements

• Cleaning instruments

• Increasing sensitivity