What is linguistic competence?

The subconscious knowledge that allows a speaker use a language.

The ability to speak a language perfectly.

What is the difference between linguistic competence and linguistic performance?

Competence is subconscious knowledge, while performance is the actual use of language.

Competence is the actual use of language, while performance is subconscious knowledge.

There is no difference; they are the same thing.

Competence only involves speaking.

What is the primary goal of descriptive grammar?

To discover and describe the regularities in the structure of language.

To prescribe rules for 'correct' language use.

To compare different languages.

To teach people how to speak properly.

According to the text, are all languages considered equal in terms of their functionality?

Yes, all languages are equally functional.

No, some languages are superior.

Only written languages are functional.

What kind of changes tend to have strong effects to overall system of language?

Language changes that take place over a long period of time.

Language changes that take place quickly.

What did the eighteenth-century grammarians consider to be the corruption and deterioration of language?

Consistent patterns in a language.

The ability of speakers to coin new words and expressions

What determines the shape of language?

Any set of standard or logical rules

Which one is the aspects of arbitrariness of linguistic signs?

The same meaning is represented by different forms in different languages.

The same meaning is represented by the same forms in different languages.

The same form is used to express the same meaning in different languages.

Different forms are used to express

Which of the following statements best captures the relationship between linguistic competence and performance?

Performance can be flawed due to factors like fatigue or distraction, even with perfect competence.

Performance is a perfect reflection of competence.

Competence is learned through observing performance.

Competence and performance are unrelated.

How do linguists typically study linguistic competence, given that it is subconscious?

By analyzing consistent patterns in linguistic performance.

By asking speakers to explain their grammatical knowledge.

Through historical analysis of written texts.

Why are onomatopoeic words considered exceptions to arbitrariness, but not complete refutations of it?

Because different languages use their own sound systems to represent natural sounds, leading to cross-linguistic variation.

Because all languages use the exact same onomatopoeic words.

Because onomatopoeic words have no connection to the sounds they represent.

Because onomatopoeia is very rare.

Which of the following best explains why the same form [li] can have different meanings in different languages?

This illustrates the arbitrary relationship between form and meaning.

This demonstrates the universality of language.

This is a result of language change over time.

This is an example of onomatopoeia.

If a language change occurs gradually over a long period, are speakers typically aware of the change as it's happening?

No, they are usually unaware until the change is established.

Yes, they are immediately aware.

Only linguists are aware of such changes.

Speakers will forget the language.

What is the main difference between a descriptive and a prescriptive approach to grammar?

Descriptive grammar describes how people actually speak, prescriptive grammar tells you how you should speak.

Descriptive grammar tells you how you should speak, prescriptive describes how people actually speak.

Descriptive grammar focuses on written language, prescriptive focuses on spoken language.

There is no difference, both focus on the same thing.

Which of the following statements about sound symbolism is most accurate?

Sound symbolism suggests some non-arbitrary connections between form and meaning, but with limitations and exceptions.

Sound symbolism proves that language is entirely non-arbitrary.

Sound symbolism demonstrates a consistent, universal link between specific sounds and meanings across all languages.

What do linguists mean when saying 'language is rule-governed'?

All grammars contain a finite set of rules for the formation of words, phrases, and sentences.

There are rules that people should follow in order to speak and write 'properly' or 'correctly'.

Speakers are very aware of the rules.

Every word is formed from a rule.

Why can't a speaker perfectly articulate the rules of their native language, despite using it fluently?

Linguistic knowledge is largely subconscious.

They haven't been taught the rules properly.

They are not intelligent enough.

How does recursion contribute to the creativity of language?

It allows for the expansion of linguistic units into an infinite variety of larger units.

It allows for the creation of entirely new sounds.

It limits the number of possible sentences.

It does not contribute to creativity.

What is the significance of the fact that different languages divide the color spectrum differently?

It demonstrates the discrete nature of linguistic categories, even with continuous phenomena.

It shows that some languages have better color terms.

It proves that color perception is universal.

It is related to the sound system.

According to the text, what role did usage play to those forms of English language that were criticised by the eighteenth-century grammarians but are still survived today?

Usage largely determines the shape of language.

Usage determines the correct grammar of language.

Usage plays no role to the shape of language.

Usage determines prescriptive rules.

Which statement best summarizes the linguist's view on 'good' and 'bad' languages?

All languages are equally valid and capable of meeting the communication needs of their speakers.

Some languages are inherently superior to others due to their complexity.

There is a clear standard for defining 'good' and 'bad' languages based on their grammatical structures.

Languages spoken by larger populations are inherently 'better.'

What is the key difference between how linguists and prescriptive grammarians view double negatives (e.g., 'I don't want none')?

Linguists would analyze the structure and usage of double negatives, while prescriptive grammarians would deem them incorrect.

Both linguists and prescriptive grammarians would consider double negatives to be acceptable in informal speech.

Linguists would focus on the historical origins of double negatives, while prescriptive grammarians would

If the relationship between the form and meaning of words were NOT arbitrary, what would be a likely consequence?

There would likely be only one universal language.

There would be more variation in languages across the world.

Languages would change more rapidly over time.

It would be easier to learn new languages.

Which of the following is the best example of a descriptive rule, rather than a prescriptive rule, of English?

"The verb 'to be' is conjugated as 'I am,' 'you are,' 'he/she/it is,' etc."

"Never end a sentence with a preposition."

"Use 'whom' as the object of a verb or preposition."

What does it mean to say that a particular part of the human brain is "associated with linguistic phenomena"?

Damage to that part of the brain may result in specific language impairments.

That part of the brain is solely responsible for all aspects of language.

That part of the brain is larger in humans than in other animals.

That part of the brain is the unique part that helps human use language.

Why is it difficult to study language change in real-time?

Changes are often gradual and subtle, occurring below the level of conscious awareness.

Language change only happens in written documents.

Language change is too rapid to track accurately.

How do linguists reconcile the existence of onomatopoeia and sound symbolism with the principle of arbitrariness?

They acknowledge these as minor exceptions that don't invalidate the overall principle.

They reject the principle of arbitrariness entirely.

They argue that onomatopoeia and sound symbolism are purely cultural phenomena.

They argue that onomatopoeia and sound symbolism are invented.

Chap 1

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English

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University

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Practice Problem

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Hard

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Which characteristic of language allows for the creation of new words and expressions?

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Which of the following is an example of a language universal related to sound systems?

What does the principle of arbitrariness in language mean?

Which property of language refers to the fact that linguistic units can be broken down into smaller, distinct parts?

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What is the difference between linguistic competence and linguistic performance?

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