Semester 2 Final Exam Study Guide - Africa History

What is imperialism? How did European colonizers view native Africans?

• Imperialism is when one country controls another country's government (a colony) and steals that country's raw materials and wealth. Europeans often claimed they were 'civilizing' peoples they considered primitive. The need for labor and resources was used to justify exploitation.

• Imperialism is when countries form equal partnerships to share resources and technology. Europeans viewed native Africans as equals and partners in progress.

• Imperialism is a peaceful exchange of culture and ideas between countries. European colonizers respected native Africans' traditions and autonomy.

• Imperialism is when a country isolates itself from the rest of the world. Europeans avoided any contact with native Africans.

What was the Scramble for Africa?

• When European colonizing powers were hurrying (scrambling) to divide up African territory, the Scramble for Africa began in the 1880s. By 1914, Liberia and Ethiopia were the only African countries not controlled by a European power.

• A movement in which African nations scrambled to colonize Europe in the 1800s.

• A trade agreement between African and European countries in the 1900s.

• A cultural exchange program between Africa and Asia in the 19th century.

What happened at the Berlin Conference?

What are the lasting effects of European partitioning that can still be seen years after African countries gained their independence?

• When Europeans partitioned Africa they didn’t think about the Africans already living there. They ignored traditional ethnic and religious groups’ borders and conflicts, which led to ongoing issues after independence.

• European partitioning led to the immediate unification of all African countries and the end of ethnic conflicts.

• European partitioning resulted in the complete preservation of traditional African borders and cultures.

• European partitioning caused African countries to become isolated from global trade and technology.

Why were Europeans interested in Africa and gaining colonies beginning in the 1800s? (after the slave trade)

What is Pan-Africanism? What was the purpose of the movement in the 1900s?

• The Pan-African movement encouraged many Africans to put their ethnic conflicts aside and unite to fight against European powers, end colonization, and achieve independence. The two primary goals of the Pan-African movement were: 1. To unite people of African descent (still in Africa and worldwide), reminding them they have a common culture and history, so they should work toward the same goals. 2. To end European Colonization in Africa (get all African nations their economic and political freedom).

• Pan-Africanism was a movement to promote European culture in Africa and encourage colonization by European powers.

• The purpose of Pan-Africanism in the 1900s was to divide African nations based on their ethnic backgrounds and promote competition among them.

• Pan-Africanism aimed to establish a single African monarchy ruled by European leaders.

What was apartheid in South Africa? What population did these laws target?

International influence helped end apartheid by:

• Providing economic sanctions and diplomatic pressure on South Africa

• Supporting apartheid policies

• Encouraging South Africa to expand apartheid

• Remaining neutral and uninvolved

What was the result of the boundaries established by European governments regarding ethnic groups?

• They respected existing ethnic boundaries.

• They united all ethnic groups peacefully.

• They often divided ethnic groups and created conflict.

• They eliminated all ethnic differences.

How is it that famine can be caused by political conflicts?