2025 APWH Final Exam Review

The Native American population of Mexico in 1492 has been estimated at 25 million; the population in 1608 has been estimated at 1.7 million. This decrease in population was mainly a result of

• crop failures brought on by poor weather conditions

• emigration of Native Americans to Europe and Africa

• wars between various native groups

• diseases introduced by the Spanish

One reason the Spanish conquistadores were able to conquer the Aztec and Inca Empires rapidly is that

• these empires had no standing armies

• the Spanish had better weapons than the Aztecs and Incas did

• the Spanish greatly outnumbered the Aztecs and Incas

• the Aztecs and Incas joined together to fight the Spanish

During the 15th century, which two European countries began sea voyages of exploration?

• Germany and Italy

• Portugal and Spain

• England and France

• Russia and the Netherlands

What was one effect of the Columbian exchange?

• rapid decline in European population

• economic instability in China and Japan

• introduction of new foods to both Europe and the Americas

• spread of Hinduism into Latin America

One reason Spain sponsored the first voyage of Columbus to the west was to

• find a more direct trade route to Asia

• obtain military technology

• make contact with the Empire of Benin

• trade in established ports in the Americas

Which was the most significant effect of the European Enlightenment period?

• It provided the intellectual spark for the American and French Revolutions.

• It marked an end to the humanism that had developed during the Renaissance.

• It forced the individual to recognize that God is supremely powerful.

• It led to a revival of the practices of feudalism.

The writers and philosophers of the Enlightenment believed that government decisions should be based on

• fundamental religious beliefs

• the concept of divine right of kings

• laws of nature and reason

• traditional values

Which was a major result of the Opium War (1839–1842)?

• Great Britain forced China to open its ports for trade.

• Japan formed an alliance with China.

• Great Britain lost its influence in East Asia.

• Confucian ideals were rejected by the Chinese people.

The 19th-century term “white man’s burden” reflects the idea that

• Asians and Africans were equal to Europeans

• Asians and Africans would be grateful for European help

• imperialism was opposed by most Europeans

• Europeans had a responsibility to improve the lives of their colonial peoples

The theory of Social Darwinism was sometimes used to justify

• the establishment of communist governments in Asia

• Latin American revolutions in the early 19th century

• the independence movement in India

• European imperialism in the late 19th century