Immunology

How does the skin protect against disease?

• The skin protects against disease by serving as a barrier and producing antimicrobial substances.
• The skin secretes hormones to boost immunity.
• The skin generates heat to kill pathogens.
• The skin absorbs nutrients to fight infections.

Example of antigen

• Hemoglobin
• Insulin
• Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2
• Cholesterol

How are antibodies created

• Antibodies are created by T cells that attack pathogens directly.
• Antibodies are produced in the liver as a response to infections.
• Antibodies are synthesized by the bone marrow without any immune response.
• Antibodies are created by B cells that produce them in response to antigens.

Two ways antibodies protect the body from pathogen

• Production of antibodies in the bloodstream
• Activation of T-cells for direct attack
• Enhancement of phagocytosis by increasing blood flow
• 1. Neutralization of toxins; 2. Opsonization and marking for destruction.

What is the difference between an antibody and antigen?

• Antibodies are foreign substances that provoke an immune response.
• Antibodies are immune proteins that respond to antigens, which are foreign substances that provoke an immune response.
• Antigens are immune proteins that respond to antibodies.
• Antibodies and antigens are the same type of molecules.

What do vaccines usually contain

• Hormones and steroids
• antigens, adjuvants, preservatives, and stabilizers.

• Live bacteria cultures
• Vitamins and minerals

How do vaccines work?

• Vaccines cure diseases instantly.
• Vaccines are made from live viruses that cause illness.
• Vaccines stimulate the immune system to recognize and fight pathogens.
• Vaccines are only effective for a few days.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-3

What is the difference between nonspecific and specific defense against infections?

• Nonspecific defense is adaptive and specific defense is immediate.
• Nonspecific defense is slow and specific defense is immediate.
• Nonspecific defense targets specific pathogens while specific defense is general.
• Nonspecific defense is general and immediate, while specific defense is targeted and adaptive.

How can the skin's defense be compromised?

• Regular exercise
• Consuming healthy foods
• Staying hydrated
• The skin's defense can be compromised by physical damage, infections, harmful chemicals, excessive sun exposure, and weakened immune systems.

How can a vaccine prevent disease even when an individual's exposed to a pathogen years after a vaccine is given?

• Vaccines only work if the pathogen is encountered within a month of vaccination.
• Vaccines provide lifelong immunity without any need for memory cells.
• A vaccine creates memory cells that enable a rapid immune response upon re-exposure to the pathogen.
• Vaccines eliminate all pathogens from the body immediately after administration.