Anat and phys

Which of the following best describes the structure and function of three components of the monogastric digestive system, including at least one accessory organ?

• Stomach stores and digests food; small intestine absorbs nutrients; pancreas secretes digestive enzymes.

• Large intestine digests proteins; esophagus produces bile; liver absorbs nutrients.

• Pancreas stores food; stomach absorbs water; small intestine produces bile.

• Esophagus digests fats; liver stores food; large intestine secretes enzymes.

Which of the following correctly compares the digestive systems of a carnivorous monogastric animal and a hindgut fermenter, including at least two structural and two functional differences?

• Carnivorous monogastrics have a simple stomach and short intestine, while hindgut fermenters have an enlarged cecum and colon; functionally, monogastrics digest protein and fat efficiently, while hindgut fermenters digest fiber via microbial fermentation.

• Carnivorous monogastrics have a four-chambered stomach, while hindgut fermenters have a single-chambered stomach; functionally, both digest fiber equally well.

• Both have similar digestive tracts, but hindgut fermenters have a longer esophagus and monogastrics have a larger liver; functionally, both rely on microbial fermentation in the stomach.

• Carnivorous monogastrics have a rumen, while hindgut fermenters have a crop; functionally, monogastrics digest cellulose, while hindgut fermenters digest protein.

The caecum plays a key role in hindgut fermentation in species such as rabbits. What is the purpose of coprophagia in these animals?

• To aid in digestion by re-ingesting nutrient-rich feces

• To eliminate waste products more efficiently

• To reduce the risk of intestinal parasites

• To increase water absorption

Which of the following correctly describes the four compartments of the ruminant stomach and the role of microbes in digestion?

• Rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum; microbes help break down cellulose and ferment food.

• Rumen, omasum, abomasum, cecum; microbes digest proteins only.

• Abomasum, cecum, colon, rectum; microbes are not involved in digestion.

• Reticulum, omasum, colon, rectum; microbes only produce vitamins.

Which of the following correctly matches a digestive adaptation with its respective group: mammals, birds, and reptiles?

• Mammals - rumen; Birds - crop; Reptiles - gizzard

• Mammals - crop; Birds - gizzard; Reptiles - rumen

• Mammals - gizzard; Birds - rumen; Reptiles - crop

• Mammals - crop; Birds - rumen; Reptiles - gizzard

Gas exchange in the alveoli occurs primarily by which process, and which structural feature of the alveoli supports this function?

• Diffusion; thin walls and large surface area

• Active transport; thick walls

• Osmosis; presence of cilia

• Filtration; muscular walls

Which of the following best explains the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration and their implications for animal activity and energy use?

• Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and produces more energy, supporting sustained activity, while anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen and produces less energy, supporting short bursts of activity.

• Aerobic respiration does not use oxygen and produces less energy, while anaerobic respiration uses oxygen and produces more energy.

• Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration use oxygen and produce the same amount of energy.

• Anaerobic respiration is only found in plants, while aerobic respiration is only found in animals.

Which of the following correctly compares the respiratory systems of birds and fish, including at least one structural and one functional feature for each group?

• Birds have lungs with air sacs for efficient gas exchange, while fish have gills that extract oxygen from water.

• Birds have gills for extracting oxygen from water, while fish have lungs with air sacs for efficient gas exchange.

• Both birds and fish have lungs with air sacs for efficient gas exchange.

• Both birds and fish have gills for extracting oxygen from water.

The process of inspiration in mammals involves contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles, while expiration involves their relaxation. What is the main role of the diaphragm during inspiration?

• It contracts and moves downward to increase thoracic volume

• It relaxes and moves upward to decrease thoracic volume

• It contracts and moves upward to decrease thoracic volume

• It relaxes and moves downward to increase thoracic volume

The structure and function of the heart include which of the following key anatomical features and their roles?

• Aorta, pumping oxygenated blood; Left ventricle, pumping blood to the body; Right atrium, receiving deoxygenated blood; Valves, preventing backflow

• Liver, filtering blood; Lungs, exchanging gases; Kidneys, producing urine; Stomach, digesting food

• Femur, supporting body weight; Brain, processing information; Skin, protecting organs; Pancreas, producing insulin

• Esophagus, transporting food; Trachea, conducting air; Diaphragm, aiding breathing; Spleen, filtering blood