AICE Modern Europe Unit 1

1754–1793. King of France at the time of the French Revolution. His indecisiveness, resistance to reform, and financial mismanagement helped trigger the Revolution. He was eventually deposed, tried for treason, and executed by guillotine in 1793.

• Louis XVI
• Louis XVIII
• Charles X
• Philip IV
• Louis XIV

1759–1794. A prominent lawyer and revolutionary leader who played a key role in the early stages of the French Republic and the fall of the monarchy. Known for his oratory skills, he initially supported the Reign of Terror but later advocated moderation and was executed by Robespierre.

• Georges-Jacques Danton
• Jean-Paul Marat
• Maximilien Robespierre
• Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes
• Jacques Hubert

1760–1794. Journalist and childhood friend of Robespierre who became a revolutionary agitator. Famous for rallying crowds to storm the Bastille in July 1789. Later criticized the excesses of the Terror and was executed for opposing Robespierre.

• Camille Desmoulins
• Georges Danton
• Maximilien Robespierre
• Jacques-Louis David
• Gracchus Babeuf

1743–1793. Physician, radical journalist, and member of the Jacobin faction. He used his newspaper, 'The Friend of the People,' to incite violence against perceived enemies of the Revolution. Assassinated in his bathtub by political opponent Charlotte Corday.

• Jean-Paul Marat
• Georges-Jacques Danton
• Camille Desmoulins
• Jacques Necker
• Honore Gabriel Riqueti

1767–1794. Close ally of Robespierre and influential Jacobin leader. Known as the 'Angel of Death' for his uncompromising support of the Reign of Terror and advocacy for radical egalitarianism. Executed with Robespierre during the Thermidorian Reaction.

• St. Just
• Maximilien Robespierre
• Georges Couthon
• Lazare Carnot
• Joseph Fouche

1758–1794. One of the most influential leaders of the French Revolution. Head of the Jacobins and architect of the Reign of Terror, during which thousands were executed. Eventually lost support and was executed in July 1794.

• Robespierre
• Danton
• Marat
• Desmoulins
• Hubert

1744–1797. King of Prussia who, along with the Austrian emperor, issued the Declaration of Pillnitz in 1791 threatening to intervene in France to support King Louis XVI and suppress the Revolution.

• Frederick William II of Prussia
• Frederick II
• Joseph II
• Catherine the Great
• Gustav III

1747–1792. Holy Roman Emperor and brother of Marie Antoinette. Co-author of the Declaration of Pillnitz, he sought to preserve monarchical power in Europe and threatened military intervention in revolutionary France.

• Leopold II
• Joseph II
• Maria Theresa
• Francis II
• Charles VI

1769–1821. Corsican-born general who rose through the military ranks during the French Revolution. Overthrew the Directory in 1799, became First Consul, and later Emperor of France. Known for his domestic reforms and military conquests across Europe.

• Napoleon Bonaparte
• Louis XVIII
• Charles X
• Talleyrand
• Klemens von Metternich

1755–1829. A leading member of the Directory who played a critical role in supporting Napoleon’s rise to power. Known for his political maneuvering and role in the fall of Robespierre.

• Paul Barras
• Lazare Carnot
• Jean-Francois Reubell
• Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
• Jacques-Louis David