Pre-class: B4.1.2— Adaptations of organisms to the abiotic...

Which of the following accurately describes a function of rhizomes in marram grasses?

• Absorb water more efficiently through capillary action.

• Facilitate gas exchange in low-oxygen soils.

• Enable vegetative spread and anchorage in shifting sand.

• Act as storage organs for excess salt.

Why are the stomata of marram grass located in pits?

• To allow gas exchange only at night.

• To promote greater transpiration in dry environments.

• To increase photosynthetic rate under strong sunlight.

• To trap moist air and reduce water loss.

Which combination of adaptations helps marram grass reduce water loss in coastal dune environments?

• Curled leaves and sunken stomata.

• Shallow roots and high stomatal density.

• Rhizomes and salt-excreting glands.

• Salt sequestration and aerial roots.

Mangrove aerial roots primarily function to:

• Sequester salts away from sensitive tissues.

• Maximise nutrient uptake from the topsoil.

• Support the plant against wave action.

• Allow oxygen uptake in waterlogged conditions.

What mechanism do mangroves use to limit salt uptake at the root level?

• Active transport of salt into the soil.

• Ultrafiltration to prevent excess salt entry.

• Passive diffusion across membranes.

• Concentration of salt in the phloem.

Which adaptation is not mentioned in the text as a salt management strategy used by mangroves?

• Storage of salt in cell walls.

• Active salt excretion through glands.

• Sequestration of salt in vacuoles.

• Abscission of salt-laden leaves.

Which statement best explains the low-growing form of marram grasses in sand dunes?

• It enables them to shade the soil and retain heat.

• It improves access to shallow underground water.

• It reduces exposure to wind and improves stability.

• It allows them to compete with taller coastal plants

In what type of environment would you most likely find mangrove trees with salt glands and aerial roots?

• Sandy, dry upland forests.

• Nutrient-rich alpine wetlands.

• Wind-exposed temperate grasslands.

• Waterlogged coastal zones with high salinity.

Why is salt stored in vacuoles in mangrove cells?

• To release it later for photosynthesis.

• To maintain low cytoplasmic salt concentrations.

• To use it as an energy reserve under stress.

• To enhance water uptake by osmosis.

Which of the following pairs correctly matches the habitat with one of its abiotic challenges?

• Coastal dunes – waterlogged, oxygen-poor soils.

• Mangrove swamps – limited oxygen in waterlogged soils.

• Mangrove swamps – loose, dry sediment.

• Coastal dunes – nutrient-rich, waterlogged conditions.