Review Questions – Exam #3

What are programmed and unprogrammed decisions?

• • Programmed decisions: Routine, automatic decisions. • Unprogrammed decisions: Unique, non-routine requiring problem solving.

• • Programmed decisions: Always require creative thinking. • Unprogrammed decisions: Are always routine and repetitive.

• • Programmed decisions: Are made only by top management. • Unprogrammed decisions: Are made only by lower-level employees.

• • Programmed decisions: Involve no rules or guidelines. • Unprogrammed decisions: Follow strict procedures.

Define strategic, operational, and tactical decisions.

• • Strategic: Long-term, overall direction decisions. • Operational: Day-to-day execution decisions. • Tactical: Middle-level decisions to implement strategies.

• • Strategic: Short-term, routine decisions. • Operational: Long-term, policy-making decisions. • Tactical: Day-to-day administrative tasks.

• • Strategic: Daily scheduling decisions. • Operational: Setting company vision. • Tactical: Deciding annual budgets.

• • Strategic: Employee hiring decisions. • Operational: Deciding company mission. • Tactical: Setting long-term goals.

Who makes strategic decisions? Operational decisions? Tactical decisions?

• • Strategic: Top management. • Operational: Lower-level employees. • Tactical: Mid-level managers.

• • Strategic: Lower-level employees. • Operational: Top management. • Tactical: Mid-level managers.

• • Strategic: Mid-level managers. • Operational: Top management. • Tactical: Lower-level employees.

• • Strategic: Mid-level managers. • Operational: Lower-level employees. • Tactical: Top management.

What are creative decision-making model, the bounded rationality model, intuitive decision-making model, and the rational decision-making model?

• • Creative: Steps include problem identification, immersion, incubation, illumination, and verification. • Bounded rationality: Limited by time and cognitive ability; satisficing instead of maximizing. • Intuitive: Based on instincts and experience without conscious reasoning. • Rational: Logical step-by-step process to maximize outcomes.

• • Creative: Focuses only on group consensus and voting. • Bounded rationality: Always seeks the perfect solution regardless of time. • Intuitive: Relies solely on statistical analysis. • Rational: Ignores logical steps and maximizes intuition.

• • Creative: Involves only data collection and reporting. • Bounded rationality: Unlimited by time or resources. • Intuitive: Requires extensive market research. • Rational: Based on random selection.

• • Creative: Steps include only brainstorming and no evaluation. • Bounded rationality: Assumes perfect information is always available. • Intuitive: Never uses experience or instincts. • Rational: Avoids logical processes entirely.

Define anchoring and adjustment bias, availability bias, confirmation bias, escalation of commitment bias, overconfidence bias, and anchoring and adjustment bias.

• • Anchoring and adjustment bias: Relying heavily on the first piece of information. • Availability bias: Emphasizing information that is most readily available. • Confirmation bias: Seeking information that confirms existing beliefs. • Escalation of commitment: Continuing a failing course of action. • Overconfidence bias: Overestimating one's own abilities or information.

• • Anchoring and adjustment bias: Ignoring the first piece of information. • Availability bias: Focusing on rare events. • Confirmation bias: Seeking information that contradicts existing beliefs. • Escalation of commitment: Quickly abandoning a failing course of action. • Overconfidence bias: Underestimating one's own abilities or information.

• • Anchoring and adjustment bias: Making decisions based on group consensus. • Availability bias: Only using statistical data. • Confirmation bias: Avoiding all prior beliefs. • Escalation of commitment: Refusing to start new projects. • Overconfidence bias: Always doubting one's own decisions.

• • Anchoring and adjustment bias: Relying on expert opinions only. • Availability bias: Ignoring recent information. • Confirmation bias: Seeking random information. • Escalation of commitment: Changing direction at every obstacle. • Overconfidence bias: Always seeking advice from others.

What are the advantages of individual decision making and group decision making?

• Advantages of individual decision making: Faster, clear accountability, less conflict. Advantages of group decision making: More ideas, diverse perspectives, better acceptance of decisions.

• Advantages of individual decision making: More conflict, slower process, less accountability. Advantages of group decision making: Fewer ideas, less acceptance, limited perspectives.

• Advantages of individual decision making: Less responsibility, more confusion, slower decisions. Advantages of group decision making: Less creativity, fewer perspectives, poor acceptance.

• Advantages of individual decision making: More groupthink, less clarity, more conflict. Advantages of group decision making: Fewer ideas, less diversity, slower decisions.

The Big 5 Personality traits are known as:

• Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

• Creativity, Intelligence, Empathy, Assertiveness, Patience

• Honesty, Loyalty, Bravery, Kindness, Humility

• Optimism, Pessimism, Realism, Idealism, Pragmatism

Self-esteem and integrity are:

• qualities related to self-worth and honesty

• types of physical fitness

• forms of financial investment

• methods of communication

Autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire are types of which of the following decision making styles?

• Leadership decision making styles

• Economic policies

• Communication methods

• Conflict resolution strategies

Directive, supportive, participative, and results oriented leadership styles are types of which of the following?

• Leadership styles

• Communication methods

• Team roles

• Conflict resolution strategies