The first event in the history of the universe is called the

None of these is correct, as the universe had no beginning.

Circumpolar stars are stars that are

always on the celestial equator.

always at the north celestial pole.

If Earth’s axis were tilted by 5° instead of its actual tilt, how would the seasons be different than they are currently?

The seasons would remain the same.

Each day, a point on Earth’s equator must travel a greater distance than any other point on Earth, which results in which of the following effects?

the precession of the equinoxes

A solar eclipse doesn’t happen every month because:

the Moon’s orbit is tilted relative to Earth’s orbit, so the Sun, Moon, and Earth don’t align perfectly every month.

the Sun is not always bright enough to cause an eclipse every month.

the Earth’s rotation prevents eclipses from happening monthly.

the Moon changes size and cannot always block the Sun.

When Earth catches up to a slower-moving outer planet and passes it like a faster runner overtaking a slower runner in an outside lane, the planet

slows down because it feels Earth’s gravitational pull.

decreases in brightness as it passes through Earth’s shadow.

moves into a more elliptical orbit.

Kepler’s model for the solar system has planets traveling on

straight lines through curved space.

Which of the following is true about a comet that is on an elliptical orbit around the Sun?

The comet’s speed is greatest when it is nearest the Sun.

The comet’s speed is greatest when it is farthest from the Sun.

The comet’s speed is constant because its mass and the Sun’s mass stay approximately the same.

When an airplane lands, the passengers feel pushed forward as the airplane slows down. This is because of

the passengers’ inertia trying to keep them moving forward.

air from the engines pushing them forward.

a repulsive force from the back of the plane attempting to push people out of their seats.

the plane’s brakes pushing the passengers forward.

the plane tilting forward as it lands, so gravity now pulls people forward.

Kepler’s three laws of motion are

based on mathematical fits to real data.

lucky guesses that happen to match reality.

arbitrary guesses that do not match reality.

derived from an underlying physical theory.

not applicable to distant objects, such as Pluto and Eris.

Galileo's observation that Venus has phases and its angular size changes with each phase supports a heliocentric Solar System because:

it shows that Venus orbits the Sun, not the Earth.

it proves that Venus is closer to the Earth than the Sun.

it demonstrates that all planets have the same phases as the Moon.

it indicates that the Sun orbits around Venus.

Between any two objects with mass, the force of gravity is always

the same value, regardless of the masses involved.

In a circular orbit, the force of gravity provides a(n)

attractive force that destroys the orbit.

source of energy to sustain the orbit.

How does the speed of light traveling through a medium (such as air or glass) compare to the speed of light in a vacuum?

It is always less than the speed of light in a vacuum.

It is the same as the speed of light in a vacuum.

It is always greater than the speed of light in a vacuum.

Sometimes it is greater than the speed of light in a vacuum, and sometimes it is less, depending on the medium.

Light can’t travel through a medium; it only can go through a vacuum.

If the wavelength of a beam of light were to double, how would that affect its frequency?

The frequency would be two times lower.

The frequency would be four times higher.

The frequency would be two times higher.

The frequency would be four times lower.

There is no relationship between wavelength and frequency.

Saying that something is quantized means that it

can only be found in discrete quantities.

can only be observed by using a telescope.

is around the same size or smaller than an atom.

Which of these stars would have the largest positive redshift?

a star moving at high speed away from you

a star moving at low speed toward you

a star moving at high speed toward you

a star moving at low speed away from you

a star that is not moving away from you or toward you

You observe a red star and a blue star and are able to determine that they are the same size. Which star has a higher surface temperature, and why?

The blue star is hotter because it is bluer.

The red star is hotter because it is redder.

The distance to each star must also be known to determine their temperatures.

The color of a star only tells us its radial motion; more information is needed.

They must have the same temperature if they are the same size.

Star C and star D have the same luminosity. Star C is twice as far away from Earth as star D. How do the brightness levels of stars C and D compare in Earth’s sky?

Star D appears four times as bright as star C.

Star C appears four times as bright as star D.

Star C appears twice as bright as star D.

Star D appears twice as bright as star C.

Stars C and D appear equally bright.

An emission line is formed when electrons in an atom drop to a lower energy level and emit a photon. The pattern of lines is unique to a given element because each element has a unique arrangement of energy levels. Which of the following best explains why the emission line pattern is unique to each element?

Each element has a unique arrangement of energy levels.

All elements have the same energy levels.

Emission lines are caused by the absorption of photons.

The pattern depends on the temperature of the element.

Cameras that use adaptive optics provide higher-spatial-resolution images primarily because

deformable mirrors are used to correct the blurring due to Earth’s atmosphere.

they operate in orbit around Earth, above the atmosphere.

they capture infrared light, which has a longer wavelength than visible light.

composite lenses correct for chromatic aberration.

they simulate a much larger telescope.

When we determine the angular resolution of an interferometric array of radio telescopes using the formula θ ∝ λ/D, the variable D stands for the

separation between the telescopes.

magnification of the telescopes.

focal length of the telescopes.

a device used to measure the intensity of light at each wavelength.

a device used for clearly resolving physical details of distant objects.

typically made from two ordinary pieces of glass.

Which of the following is a way for astronomers to view a wide range of infrared wavelengths from space without using a space telescope?

Mount a telescope on an airplane.

Place a telescope at the South Pole.

Craters on Solar System objects today (such as Mercury and the Moon) would have been caused by

planetesimals impacting in the last stages of accretion.

collisions with planet-sized objects.

explosive volcanic activity after the object had formed.

explosive volcanic activity while the object was still molten and forming.

natural geological motion of the surface with time.

If you want to find naturally occurring volatile materials that formed with the Solar System, you should look

on the outer parts of the Solar System.

Astronomers create vibrant, multicolored images of nebulae because

although the colors are not true colors, they trace important details.

they are exactly what the human eye would see.

the false colors result in pleasing images that can be sold to increase research funding.

the choice of colors hides distortions, such as chromatic aberration.

although they are true color images, they unfortunately hide important physical details.

Before our Solar System began forming, the material that would eventually become Earth would have been in what form?

a roughly Earth-sized rocky body

a giant rocky body that would later fragment

If you are spinning in a chair and then you spread your arms out wide, you should expect

your rotation rate to increase.

Final Exam

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76 questions

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

There are ________ planets in the Solar System.

12.

20.

63.

Put the planets in order!

Mars

Earth

Mercury

Jupiter

Venus

REORDER QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Put the planets in order!

Saturn

Mars

Neptune

Uranus

Jupiter

REORDER QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Put our cosmic address in order!

Local Group

Milky Way Galaxy

Virgo Supercluster

Solar System

Laniakea Supercluster

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Our galaxy and the few dozen nearest galaxies are known as the

Solar System.

Milky Way.

Local Group.

Virgo Supercluster.

Laniakea Supercluster.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

When a change occurs on the surface of the Sun, how long does it take before astronomers on Earth can see the change?

8 minutes

11 hours

1 second

1 day

It reaches us instantaneously.

A light-year is a unit commonly used in astronomy as a measure of

time.

speed.

mass.

distance.

acceleration.

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Final Exam

76 questions

There are ________ planets in the Solar System.

Put the planets in order!

Put the planets in order!

Put our cosmic address in order!

Our galaxy and the few dozen nearest galaxies are known as the

When a change occurs on the surface of the Sun, how long does it take before astronomers on Earth can see the change?

A light-year is a unit commonly used in astronomy as a measure of

The first event in the history of the universe is called the

The apparent path of the Sun across the celestial sphere over the course of a year is called the

The point on the sky directly above an observer is called the

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