What is a strength of the Strange Situation (SS) as mentioned in the evaluation?

It has high test-retest reliability

It is not affected by temperament

What is one criticism of the Strange Situation (SS) regarding population validity?

The original study used middle class infants, so it may not generalise to other social classes or cultures.

The Strange Situation only measures attachment in adults, not infants.

The Strange Situation was conducted exclusively in rural areas, ignoring urban populations.

The Strange Situation focused solely on physical development, not emotional bonds.

What is meant by 'imposed etic' in the context of the Strange Situation (SS)?

Imposed etic refers to the use of a technique developed in one culture to study another, which may not be valid due to cultural differences.

Imposed etic refers to the natural development of attachment behaviors in all cultures equally.

Imposed etic refers to the exclusive use of indigenous research methods within a single culture.

Imposed etic refers to the universal acceptance of psychological theories across all societies.

What ethical issue is associated with the Strange Situation (SS)?

No protection from psychological harm; babies and mothers may become upset or uncomfortable.

Lack of informed consent from the researchers.

Inaccurate measurement of attachment types.

Over-reliance on self-report data.

According to the evaluation, why might the Strange Situation (SS) lack cross-cultural validity?

Because the SS was designed for American infants and may not be valid for assessing attachment in other cultures due to different cultural norms.

Because the SS only measures physical development and not emotional attachment.

Because the SS is only used for adults and not infants.

Because the SS was originally developed for use in animal studies, not humans.

Which country showed more resistant but very low avoidant attachment, and what cultural practice might explain this?

Japan; Japanese mothers rarely leave their infants, so the SS may be particularly stressful when the mother leaves.

Germany; German mothers encourage independence, so infants are less distressed by separation.

USA; American mothers use daycare frequently, so infants are used to separations.

Sweden; Swedish parents practice co-sleeping, so infants are rarely left alone.

What was the aim of Lorenz's (1935) study?

To study classical conditioning.

To analyze language development.

Define imprinting as described in Lorenz's (1935) study.

An innate readiness to develop a strong bond with the mother which takes place during a specific time in development, most likely the first few hours after birth/hatching.

A learned behavior that occurs after repeated exposure to a stimulus over several weeks.

A process by which animals learn to avoid certain foods after a negative experience.

A temporary attachment formed with any moving object present after birth.

What is one concern about the internal validity of the meta-analysis on attachment types?

The meta-analysis may not be measuring what it is supposed to measure, as the behaviour of an infant in the Strange Situation (SS) may reflect the temperament hypothesis rather than attachment type.

The meta-analysis only included studies from one country, limiting its generalizability.

The meta-analysis focused solely on adult attachment, not infant attachment.

The meta-analysis did not use any statistical methods to combine the results.

What is one methodological problem with the meta-analysis of attachment studies?

Half of the studies included in the meta-analysis were done in America, making the results potentially biased and not representative of all cultures.

The meta-analysis only included studies from the last five years, ignoring earlier research.

All studies in the meta-analysis used the same sample size, which may not reflect real-world diversity.

The meta-analysis excluded studies that used observational methods.

According to the procedure described, what did Lorenz do with the clutch of gosling eggs?

Divided them into two groups, one with the mother and one in an incubator

Left all eggs with their biological mother

Placed all eggs in an incubator

Marked the eggs and left them alone

What did Lorenz find about the goslings' imprinting?

They imprinted on Lorenz despite their biological mother being present

They imprinted on their biological mother

They imprinted on other animals

What does the conclusion of Lorenz's study support?

There is a critical period for imprinting

Animals do not form attachments

Imprinting only happens in mammals

According to the evaluation, what did Guiton's research with leghorn chicks and rubber gloves show?

Chicks imprint on any moving object present during their critical period

Chicks only imprint on their biological mother

What was the aim of Harlow's (1959) study?

To investigate whether attachment is based on comfort or feeding

To study the effects of critical periods

What was the main conclusion of Harlow's experiment regarding infant attachment?

Infants do not develop an attachment to the person who feeds them but to the person offering contact comfort.

Infants only attach to the person who feeds them.

Infants show no preference for any caregiver.

Infants develop attachment based on the color of the caregiver.

What was a long-lasting effect observed in the motherless monkeys according to Harlow's findings?

They were socially abnormal and did not show normal mating behavior.

They developed superior problem-solving skills.

They became more aggressive leaders in their groups.

They showed increased physical strength compared to others.

One criticism of Harlow's experiment was that the two heads of the artificial mothers were different. Why is this a problem?

It may act as a confounding variable, as the infant monkeys may have preferred one mother over the other because the cloth-covered mother had a more attractive head.

It made the experiment more expensive to conduct.

It ensured that the monkeys would not interact with either mother.

It made it easier for the researchers to identify the mothers.

What ethical issue is raised by Harlow's experiment?

The study created lasting emotional harm as the monkeys later found it difficult to form relationships with their peers.

The experiment was conducted without any scientific purpose.

The monkeys were given harmful drugs during the experiment.

The study involved genetic modification of the monkeys.

How did Harlow's experiment contribute to our understanding of attachment?

It led to better care for human and primate infants by improving our understanding of the processes of attachment.

It proved that attachment is solely based on food provision.

It showed that infants do not form attachments to caregivers.

It demonstrated that attachment is not important for development.

According to Harlow, why can't animal studies always be generalized to humans?

Because humans are capable of more complex thought processes and human behaviour is governed by conscious decisions.

Because animal studies are always more accurate than human studies.

Because animals and humans have identical social structures.

Because animal studies are only relevant to physical health, not behavior.

According to Lorenz, why can't animal studies always be generalized to humans?

Because humans are capable of more complex thought processes and human behaviour is governed by conscious decisions.

Because animal studies are always more accurate than human studies.

Because animals and humans have identical behavioural patterns.

Because animal studies are only relevant to plant biology.

What insight do both Lorenz’s and Harlow’s studies provide about early attachment experiences?

They provide valuable insight into how early attachment experiences can influence later sexual behaviour and the importance of early attachment for normal sexual and reproductive behaviours.

They show that attachment has no effect on later behaviour or development.

They suggest that early attachment is only important for physical growth, not emotional development.

They indicate that attachment is determined solely by genetic factors, not by early experiences.

What is classical conditioning according to the learning theory (behaviourism)?

Classical conditioning is learning by association.

Classical conditioning is learning by trial and error.

Classical conditioning is learning by observation and imitation.

Classical conditioning is learning by reinforcement and punishment.

What is operant conditioning according to the learning theory (behaviourism)?