PSY 222 CH9

Which of the following best distinguishes reasoning from decision-making?

• Reasoning always involves utility; decision-making never does.

• Reasoning involves choosing between alternatives; decision-making evaluates premises.

• Reasoning focuses on deriving conclusions from information; decision-making involves choosing actions.

• Reasoning is probabilistic; decision-making is strictly logical.

"All poets are sensitive. William is a poet. Therefore, William is sensitive." This is an example of:

• Analogical reasoning

• Deductive reasoning

• Hypothesis testing

• Descriptive modeling

Which is a key feature of inductive reasoning but not deductive reasoning?

• Use of truth tables

• Guaranteed conclusions

• Introduction of new information

• Logical quantifiers

In propositional logic, which of the following statements is FALSE according to truth tables?

• If p is false and q is false, then p ∨ q is false

• If p is true and q is false, then p ∧ q is true

• If p is true and q is true, then p ∧ q is true

• If p is false and q is true, then p ∧ q is false

Which of the following best reflects belief bias in syllogistic reasoning?

• Accepting invalid arguments because the conclusion is believable

• Accepting valid conclusions only when they are unbelievable

• Rejecting syllogisms without quantifiers

• Always accepting "some" statements as universal truths

The conclusion "All birds have four legs" based on the premises "All birds are animals" and "All animals have four legs" is:

• Logically valid but empirically false

• Logically invalid and empirically true

• Logically valid and empirically true

• Logically invalid and empirically false

Which logical connective is most inclusive in formal logic?

• ∧ (and)

• ∨ (or)

• ¬ (not)

• → (if-then)

The statement "If I had coconut milk, it would be in the cupboard. It's not in the cupboard. Therefore, I don't have coconut milk." is an example of:

• Confirmation bias

• Modus tollens

• Syllogism

• MAUT

In propositional reasoning, which of the following scenarios breaks the conditional rule "If it is a crow, then it is black"?

• It is not a crow, and it is not black

• It is not a crow, and it is black

• It is a crow, and it is not black

• It is a crow, and it is black

Which type of reasoning is commonly used in IQ or standardized tests through analogy format like "A is to B as C is to __"?

• Propositional

• Syllogistic

• Analogical

• Hypothesis testing