10.2 Graphs and Table-Hard

Researcher Xiaolu Jia and colleagues monitored individuals'velocity and the surrounding crowd  density as a group of study participants walked through a space and navigated around an obstacle.  Participants rated how congested it seemed before the obstacle,after the obstacle,and overall,and  the researchers correlated those ratings with velocity and density.(Correlations range from-1 to 1, with greater distance from 0 indicating greater strength).The researchers concluded that the  correlations with velocity are stronger than those with density.

 

Which choice best describes data from the table that support the researchers'conclusion?

• A.The correlation between congestion ratings before the obstacle and density is further from 0 than the correlation between overall congestion rating and velocity is.

• B.The correlation between congestion ratings before the obstacle and velocity is further from 0

  than the correlation between congestion overall and velocity is.

• C.For each of the three ratings,the correlation with velocity is negative while the correlation with density is positive.

• D.For  each  of  the  three  ratings,correlations  with  velocity  are  further  from  0  than  the corresponding correlations with density are.

Research suggests that REM sleep in animals is homeostatically regulated:animals compensate for periods of REM  sleep deprivation by increasing  subsequent REM  sleep.When on land,fur seals get enough REM sleep,but during the weeks they're in the water,they get almost none.In a study of fur seals'sleep habits,researchers recorded the REM sleep(as a percentage of baseline) of  fur  seals  once  they  had  returned  to  land.They  concluded  that  REM   sleep  may  not  be homeostatically regulated in fur seals,citing as evidence the fact that the seals in the study                

 

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text?

• A.showed no significant differences from one another in baseline levels of REM sleep.

• B.didn't show significantly less REM sleep during the second day after returning to land than they did during the first day.

• C.    didn't  consistently  demonstrate  a  significant  increase in  REM  sleep  after  their  period  of deprivation in the water.

• D.showed no significant difference between REM sleep after returning to land and REM sleep while in the water.

  
  

Ecologist  Veronika  Bókony  and  colleagues  investigated  within-species  competition  among common  toads(Bufo  bufo),a  species  that  secretes  various  unpleasant-tasting  toxins  called bufadienolides   in  response  to  threats.The  researchers  tested  B.bufo  tadpoles'responses  to different levels of competition by creating ponds with different tadpole population densities but a fixed  amount  of  food.Based  on  analysis  of  the  tadpoles   after  three  weeks,the  researchers concluded that increased competition drove bufadienolide production at the expense of growth.

 

Which choice uses data from the table to most effectively support the researchers'conclusion?

• A.The  difference  in  average  tadpole  body  mass  was   small  between  the   low  and  medium population density conditions and substantially larger between the low and high population density conditions.

• B.Tadpoles  in  the   low  and  medium  population   density  conditions  had   substantially  lower average bufadienolide concentrations but had greater average body masses than those in the high population density condition.

• C.Tadpoles in the high population density condition displayed a relatively modest increase in the  average  amount  of  bufadienolide   but   roughly   double  the   average  bufadienolide concentration compared to those in the low population density condition.

• D.Tadpoles  produced  approximately  the  same  number  of  different  bufadienolide  toxins  per individual across the population density conditions,but average tadpole body mass decreased as population density increased.

  
  

In the United States,firms often seek incentives from municipal governments to expand to those municipalities.A team of political scientists hypothesized that municipalities are much more likely to respond to firms and offer incentives if expansions can be announced in time to benefit local elected officials than if they can't.The team contacted officials in thousands of municipalities, inquiring  about  incentives  for  a  firm  looking  to  expand  and  indicating  that  the  firm  would announce its expansion on a date either just before or just after the next election.

 

Which choice best describes data from the graph that weaken the team's hypothesis?

• A.A  large  majority  of  the  municipalities  that  received  an  inquiry  mentioning  plans  for  an announcement before the next election didn't respond to the inquiry.

• B.The proportion  of municipalities  that  responded  to  the  inquiry  or  offered  incentives  didn't substantially differ across the announcement timing conditions.

• C.Only  around  half  the  municipalities  that  responded  to  inquiries  mentioning  plans  for  an announcement before the next election offered incentives.

• D.Of the municipalities that received  an  inquiry  mentioning plans  for  an  announcement  date after  the  next  election,more  than   1,200  didn't  respond  and  only  around   100  offered incentives.

  
  

To assess the impact of invasive species on ecosystems in Africa,Benis N.Egoh and colleagues reviewed government reports from those nations about how invasive  species are undermining ecosystem  services(aspects  of  the  ecosystem  on  which  residents  depend).The  services  were sorted  into  three  categories:provisioning(material  resources  from  the  ecosystem),regulating (natural  processes  such  as  cleaning  the   air  or  water),and  cultural   (nonmaterial  benefits  of ecosystems).Egoh  and  her  team  assert  that  countries  in  each  region  reported  effects  on provisioning  services  and  that  provisioning   services  represent  the  majority   of  the  reported services.

 

Which choice best describes data from the table that support Egoh and colleagues'assertion?

• A.Provisioning services represent 73%of the services reported for the West region and 33%of

  those for the Central region,but they represent 75%of the services reported overall.

• B.None of the percentages shown for provisioning services are lower than 33%,and the overall percentage shown for provisioning services is 75%.

• C.Provisioning  services  are  shown  for  each  region,while  no  cultural  services  are  shown  for some regions.

• D.The greatest percentage shown for provisioning services is 88%for the North region,and the least shown for provisioning services is 33%for the Central region.

  
  

Urbanization,industrialization,and the warming climate create thermal pollution (excess heat)in the shallow subsurface soil.Susanne A.Benz and colleagues analyzed thousands of sites on three continents under one scenario in which surface temperature remains at the current level and under another in which the surface reaches the maximum plausible temperature.They then categorized each site according to the percentage of local home heating needs that could be met using this excess subsurface heat.The team concluded that if surface temperature approaches the maximum plausible  level,the  percentage  of  sites  where  thermal  pollution  could  feasibly  contribute  to meeting home heating needs will increase.

 

Which choice best describes data in the graph that support Benz and colleagues'conclusion?

• A.Under  both  temperature  conditions,less  than   10%of  sites  were  in  the  up-to-25%group,but at the maximum plausible surface temperature,almost 80%of sites could have all their local heating needs met by thermal pollution.

• B. At current  surface  temperatures,more  than  80%of the  sites  have  no  need  for  supplemental local home heating from subsurface thermal pollution,but at the maximum plausible surface temperature,more than 70%of sites exhibit significantly greater home heating needs.

  
  

• C. At current  surface  temperatures,more  than  80%of  sites  can  meet,at most,25%of  local home heating needs with subsurface thermal pollution,but at the maximum plausible surface temperature,more than 80%of sites can meet greater than 25%of local home heating needs.

• D. At current surface temperatures,more than 80%of the sites cannot use subsurface thermal pollution to meet any portion of local home heating needs,but at the maximum plausible surface temperature,that percentage drops below 20%.

   

Economist Steve H.Hanke has shown that divided US Congresses—which occur when one party holds the majority in the House of Representatives and another holds the majority in the Senate—tend to  accompany reductions  in total  federal  outlays  (spending)relative  to gross domestic product(GDP),which Hanke interprets to reflect decreases in government size.Hanke calculated the percentage point change in total outlays(encompassing nondefense and defense outlays)for consecutive US Congresses.Hanke has pointed to his calculations as evidence that a divided Congress may be a “necessary but not sufficient condition”for a decrease in government size to occur.

 

Which choice best describes data from the table that support the underlined claim?

• A.The periods of undivided Congresses were associated with increases in nondefense outlays, whereas all the periods of divided Congresses except one were associated with reductions in defense outlays.

• B.All the periods of divided Congresses except one were associated with reductions in total outlays,whereas the periods of undivided Congresses were associated with increases in total outlays.

• C.All the periods of divided Congresses were associated with reductions in total outlays, although two periods were also associated with increases in nondefense outlays.

• D.The periods of undivided Congresses were associated with increases in total outlays,whereas all the periods of divided Congresses were associated with reductions in either nondefense outlays or defense outlays.

  
  

In  Caddo,a  language  from  what  is  now  the  US  Southeast,vocabulary  pertaining  to  corn cultivation resembles equivalent vocabulary in the Totozoquean language family in Mexico.This resemblance is perhaps attributable to cultural contact:such words could have entered Caddo through the intermediary of the neighboring but unrelated Chitimacha language,concurrent with the dissemination of corn itself from Mexico into the Southeast after 700 CE.That the vocabulary pertaining to domestic crops accompanies them as they diffuse into new regions is an established phenomenon globally.Crops may also be decoupled from vocabulary altogether:corn cultivation became ubiquitous among the Southeastern tribes,yet             

 

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

• A.the origins of vocabulary pertaining to the crop vary across languages in the region,with the words for corn in Cherokee and the Muskogean languages showing no demonstrable relationship to Totozoquean vocabulary.

• B.words for corn in the languages of the Muskogean family evolved from a common root,with the Muscogee word having lost certain consonant sounds still present in the Chickasaw and Choctaw words.

• C.corn-related vocabulary underwent changes when entering other,unrelated languages,as can be seen by the divergence of the Caddo word from the Chitimacha word it originated in.

• D.the region is linguistically diverse,being home not only to Chitimacha and Caddo,but also to the Muskogean language family(including Chickasaw,Choctaw,and Muscogee)and to one Iroquoian language(Cherokee)

  
  

A sociology student is reading an essay on the median age of first marriage in Western countries throughout the twentieth century.The author of the essay cites factors common to these countries that the  author  believes  caused  an  increase  in  the  median  age  of  first  marriage,such  as  new technologies that shortened the time needed for domestic chores,making two-person households less necessary and living alone more viable.The student asserts that beyond these factors there must be additional ones specific to particular Western countries that influenced the increase of age at first marriage.

 

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph that support the student's assertion?

• A.Between  1970  and  2000,the  median  age  of  first  marriage  rose  more  sharply  for  men  in England and Wales than it did for men in the United States.

• B.Between  1900 and 2000,the median age of first marriage for women in England and Wales was consistently higher than for women in the United States,as was the case for men.

• C.The median age of first marriage for men in England and Wales was lower in  1970 than in 1950 or 1990.

• D. In England and Wales,the median age of first marriage was consistently higher for men than

  for women between 1900 and 2000,but this was not always the case in the United States.

The Bureau of Transportation Statistics releases an annual traffic data report for U.S.airlines and foreign   airlines   serving   the   U.S.This   release   includes   data   on   U.S.airlines'domestic   and international  flights(including  from  one  foreign  point  to  another  foreign  point),as  well  as  on foreign  airlines’flights  to  and   from  the  U.S.The  data   show  an  increase  in  the  number  of passengers on all types of flights in the system in 2019.However,the increase in passengers on domestic flights was greater than the increase in passengers on international flights:from 2018 to 2019,              

 

 

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?

• A.there was a 4.3%increase in domestic passengers,but only a 3.8%increase in passengers on U.S.airlines'international flights,and only a  1.2%increase in passengers on foreign airlines' U.S.flights.

• B.there  was  a  4.2%increase  in  passengers  on  U.S.airlines'domestic  and  international  flights, but only a 1.2%increase in passengers on foreign airlines'U.S.flights.

• C.there  was  a  3.9%increase  in  passengers  across  all  flights,but  there  was  a  3.8%increase  in passengers   on   U.S.airlines'international   flights,and   a    1.2%increase   in   passengers   on foreign   airlines'U.S.flights.

• D.there was a 3.9%increase in passengers across all flights and a 4.2%increase in passengers on U.S.airlines'domestic and international flights.