222 problem solving

According to Bruner (1957), "thinking" is defined as:

• Memorizing learned information

• Repeating known responses

• Going beyond the information given

• Retrieving short-term memory

What distinguishes problem-solving from daydreaming?

• Daydreaming has a clear goal

• Problem-solving is random

• Problem-solving is goal-directed

• Daydreaming uses logic

A situation in which an immediate solution is not available is:

• A non-problem

• An insight task

• A heuristic

• A problem

Which of the following is not a characteristic of problem-solving?

• Use of cognitive operations

• Use of heuristics

• Random, non-goal-directed thinking

• Engagement of working memory

According to the problem space hypothesis, what is not included in problem space?

• Goal state

• Environmental resources

• Emotional preferences

• Initial state

Problem-solving is best described as:

• Random attempts until something works

• Passive retrieval of facts

• Searching through problem space for efficient paths

• Avoiding detours entirely

Which concept emphasizes that a problem is subjective to the solver?

• Metacognition

• Working backward

• Problem-space

• Problem relativity

What does the problem space exclude?

• Problem solver's knowledge

• Potential tools in environment

• Solver's personality traits

• Intermediate states

A problem with multiple detours and inefficient routes most likely reflects:

• A creative approach

• Poor problem-solving

• Functional fixedness

• Use of insight

Which of the following is the best example of a "goal-directed" process?

• Doodling during class

• Taking a nap

• Searching for the lost TV remote

• Watching a video on impulse