What is the definition of AUD according to the text?

• Alcohol use disorder

• Alcohol use

• Alcohol abuse

• Alcohol addiction

Answer explanation

The correct definition of AUD is 'Alcohol use disorder', which encompasses a range of problematic drinking behaviors. The other options, while related, do not accurately define AUD.

Which cognitive function is often relatively preserved in Korsakoff's syndrome?

• New memory

• Old memory

• Working memory

• Insight

Answer explanation

In Korsakoff's syndrome, working memory is often relatively preserved, allowing individuals to hold and manipulate information temporarily, while new memory formation is severely impaired.

What is a common characteristic of Korsakoff's syndrome?

• Loss of language ability

• Confabulation

• Increased alertness

• Improved memory function

Answer explanation

A common characteristic of Korsakoff's syndrome is confabulation, which involves the creation of false memories without the intention to deceive. This occurs due to memory gaps caused by the syndrome.

What is the cause of Wernicke encephalopathy?

• Vitamin B1 deficiency

• Untreated Wernicke

• Chronic stress

• Genetic factors

Answer explanation

Wernicke encephalopathy is primarily caused by a deficiency in Vitamin B1 (thiamine). This deficiency can result from poor nutrition, alcoholism, or certain medical conditions, leading to neurological symptoms.

Which symptoms are characteristic of Korsakoff's syndrome?

• Confusion, eye problems, ataxia

• Memory loss, confabulations

• Headache, nausea, dizziness

• Fever, fatigue, weight loss

Answer explanation

Korsakoff's syndrome is characterized by memory loss and confabulations, which are false memories created to fill gaps in memory. The other symptoms listed do not specifically relate to this syndrome.

What is a characteristic of spontaneous confabulations?

• They are triggered by a question

• They occur without a trigger

• They are always reversible

• They only occur in children

Answer explanation

Spontaneous confabulations occur without a trigger, meaning they arise involuntarily and are not prompted by questions or external stimuli. This distinguishes them from other types of confabulations.

What is a consequence of proactive interference?

• Old memories interfere with new memories

• New memories interfere with old memories

• Improved memory function

• Loss of motor skills

Answer explanation

Proactive interference occurs when old memories disrupt the formation of new memories. This means that previously learned information can hinder the recall of new information, making it harder to remember recent experiences.

Which method is used to investigate autobiographical memory?

• The Galton-Crovitz method

• The Pavlov method

• The Skinner box

• The Freud analysis

Answer explanation

The Galton-Crovitz method is specifically designed to study autobiographical memory by prompting individuals to recall personal memories associated with specific cues, making it the correct choice for this investigation.

What are the three dimensions of apathy according to Ang et al., 2017?

• Behavioral activation, social motivation, emotional sensitivity

• Cognitive dysfunction, social isolation, emotional indifference

• Physical exhaustion, mental fatigue, social withdrawal

• Emotional stability, social interaction, behavioral control

Answer explanation

According to Ang et al. (2017), the three dimensions of apathy are behavioral activation, social motivation, and emotional sensitivity, which highlight the various aspects of how apathy manifests in individuals.

What is a direct neurotoxic effect of alcohol on the brain?

• Alcohol damages neurons and axons

• Alcohol increases blood pressure

• Alcohol improves memory function

• Alcohol decreases heart rate

Answer explanation

Alcohol has a direct neurotoxic effect by damaging neurons and axons, which can lead to cognitive impairments and other neurological issues. This makes the first choice the correct answer.