Detailed study of one case or a small number of cases.

• Participant observation
• Case study
• Longitudinal survey
• Random sampling

When one variable directly affects another.

• Causation
• Correlation
• Sampling bias
• Ethnography

Questions with fixed, pre-set response options.

• Pilot study
• Longitudinal interview
• Closed questions
• Open questions

Analysing media or documents for patterns.

• Structured interview
• Content analysis
• Field experiment
• Participant observation

Factors kept constant to ensure fair testing.

• Snowball sampling
• Unstructured interview
• Control variable
• Pilot study

A relationship between two variables.

• Open questions
• Field experiment
• Correlation
• Quota sampling

Participants do not know they are being observed.

• Random sampling
• Covert observation
• Participant observation
• Longitudinal survey

The factor measured in response to changes.

• Unstructured interview
• Pilot study
• Snowball sampling
• Dependent variable

Guided discussion with a small group of participants.

• Open questions
• Focus group
• Field experiment
• Quota sampling

An interview with several participants at the same time.

• Participant observation
• Random sampling
• Longitudinal survey
• Group interview