Which of the following best describes "efficiency" in economics?

• The fair distribution of resources throughout society

• The optimal production and allocation of resources at the lowest cost

• The redistribution of income using progressive taxes

• Treating everyone in the same situation the same way

What is the main concern of "equity" in economics?

• Producing goods at the lowest possible cost

• How resources are distributed throughout society

• Maximizing profits for businesses

• Increasing the total output of an economy

Which of the following is an example of horizontal equity?

• High-income earners paying more tax than low-income earners

• Everyone earning £15,000 paying the same tax rate

• Allocating resources to maximize production

• Using progressive taxes to redistribute income

Vertical equity is primarily concerned with:

• Treating everyone in the same situation the same way

• The optimal allocation of resources

• The relative income and welfare of the whole population

• Producing goods at the lowest cost

Which statement best illustrates the difference between vertical and horizontal equity?

• Vertical equity focuses on equal treatment, while horizontal equity focuses on redistribution.

• Vertical equity is about optimal production, while horizontal equity is about resource allocation.

• Vertical equity is concerned with redistribution based on income, while horizontal equity is about treating people in the same situation equally.

• Vertical equity and horizontal equity are both concerned only with efficiency.

A government implements a tax policy where high-income earners pay a higher percentage of their income in taxes than low-income earners. Which concept does this policy best represent?

• Efficiency

• Horizontal equity

• Vertical equity

• Resource allocation

Based on the diagram, which statement is correct?

• Vertical equity means everyone pays the same amount of tax regardless of income.

• Horizontal equity means high-income earners pay more tax than low-income earners.

• Vertical equity involves redistribution of income, while horizontal equity involves equal treatment for people in the same situation.

• Both vertical and horizontal equity require progressive taxation.

What is a key characteristic of the poll tax as described in the text?

• It is based on an individual's income level.

• It is a tax only for high-income earners.

• Every individual pays the same amount regardless of income.

• It is only applied to pensioners.

Why was the poll tax considered economically efficient?

• It encouraged people to work more.

• It did not distort economic behavior.

• It reduced government spending.

• It was only paid by businesses.

Which of the following best describes a regressive tax?

• It takes a larger percentage of income from high-income earners.

• It takes a larger percentage of income from low-income earners.

• It is only applied to luxury goods.

• It is based on the value of property owned.