History of Guidance and Counseling: Review

According to the provided document, in early civilizations, who primarily assumed the role of a counselor?

• Merchants and traders

• Priests, chieftains, and philosophers

• Physicians and healers

• Educators and teachers

Answer explanation

In early civilizations, the role of a counselor was primarily held by priests, chieftains, and philosophers, as they were seen as the keepers of knowledge and spiritual guidance, influencing decisions and societal norms.

Which ancient Greek philosopher organized psychological insights into a systematic theory?

• Aristotle

• Socrates

• Hippocrates

• Plato

Answer explanation

Aristotle systematically organized psychological insights, laying the groundwork for psychology as a discipline. Unlike Socrates, Plato, and Hippocrates, Aristotle's work focused on empirical observation and categorization of human behavior.

Who is considered the 'father of the guidance movement' for establishing the Boston Vocational Bureau in 1908?

• Carl Rogers

• Clifford Beers

• Frank Parsons

• Jessie B. Davis

Answer explanation

Frank Parsons is known as the 'father of the guidance movement' for founding the Boston Vocational Bureau in 1908, which laid the groundwork for modern career counseling and guidance.

What was the purpose of the Boston Vocational Bureau established by Frank Parsons?

• To treat mental illness with scientific methods

• To provide young people with vocational assistance in schools

• To administer the first general intelligence tests

• To advocate for the liberal education of youths

Answer explanation

The Boston Vocational Bureau, established by Frank Parsons, aimed to provide young people with vocational assistance in schools, helping them make informed career choices and prepare for the workforce.

Who introduced the first general intelligence test in 1905?

• Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon

• Lewis Terman and his colleagues

• Sigmund Freud

• Carl Rogers

Answer explanation

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon introduced the first general intelligence test in 1905, aimed at identifying students needing special assistance. Their work laid the foundation for modern intelligence testing.

What event stimulated the legislation that provided grants for the establishment and training of guidance programs (NDEA of 1958)?

• The end of World War II

• The Great Depression

• The launch of Sputnik I by the Soviet Union

• The Civil rights movement

Answer explanation

The launch of Sputnik I by the Soviet Union in 1957 heightened fears of falling behind in science and technology, prompting the U.S. to invest in education, leading to the NDEA of 1958, which funded guidance programs.

What was the main goal of the Mental Hygiene Movement founded by Clifford Beers?

• To establish psychopathic hospitals and outpatient clinics

• To regulate and license professional counselors

• To educate the general public about the plight and treatment of disturbed persons

• To introduce psychoanalytic theory to the US

Answer explanation

The main goal of the Mental Hygiene Movement, founded by Clifford Beers, was to educate the general public about the plight and treatment of disturbed persons, raising awareness and advocating for better mental health care.

According to the provided document, what did counseling show vestiges of in pre-colonial Philippines?

• Reliance on religious persons like priests and nuns

• Western-style clinical psychology

• Belief in the supernatural and reliance on elders and faith healers

• Formal, institution-based guidance programs and mental health support

Answer explanation

Counseling in pre-colonial Philippines reflected a belief in the supernatural, with communities relying on elders and faith healers for guidance, rather than formal psychological practices or Western influences.

Which law was passed in 2004 to professionalize the practice of guidance and counseling in the Philippines?

• The National Defense Education Act of 1958

• The School-to-Work Opportunities Act of 1994

• The Republic Act 9258

• The Mental Health Act of 11036

Answer explanation

The Republic Act 9258, also known as the Guidance and Counseling Act, was enacted in 2004 to professionalize guidance and counseling in the Philippines, ensuring standards and regulations for practitioners.

The term 'guidance' was adopted in 1913 and referred to what three main aspects?

• Child study, teacher training, and psychological testing

• Vocational choice, preparation, and placement

• Mental hygiene, aftercare services, and diagnostic clinics

• Family, pastoral, and school counseling

Answer explanation

The term 'guidance' in 1913 primarily focused on vocational choice, preparation, and placement, emphasizing the importance of helping individuals make informed career decisions and successfully transition into the workforce.