0225D-S2 AP-II Final Review

What are the defining characteristics of a trigger point?

• Compression causes muscle twitch, no distinct nodule, always in a taut band

• Palpable and gritty nodule, muscle twitches with compression, creates radiating pain

• Pressure creates shooting pain, decreases muscle tension, a warm sensation in the tissue

• Located in a taut band, palpable nodule, compression creates a radiating pattern of pain

The term used to describe the balance of tension and compression forces in the musculoskeletal system?

• Length-force relationship

• Thixotropy

• Viscoelasticity

• Tensegrity

Tension of the intrafusal fibers in a muscle spindle is regulated by which reflex loop

• beta

• delta

• alpha

• gamma

Which of Myers' myofascial chains connects the plantar fascia of the foot to the fascia on the forehead?

• Spiral line

• Lateral line

• Superficial back line

• Superficial front line

The connective tissue links between muscles, bones, and fascial membranes that provide a pathway for the mechanical communication of tension and compression is the definition for:

• myofascial train

• acupuncture meridian

• kinetic chain

• none of the above

What physiologic reflex is being employed to reduce muscle tension in the active release and facilitated stretch forms of manual therapy?

• Stretch reflex via Muscle Spindles

• Inverse stretch reflex via Golgi Tendon Organs

• Withdrawal reflex

• Crossed-extensor reflex

Which of the four types of fascial sensory receptors are particularly sensitive to lateral stretch, and stimulation leads to decreased sympathetic tone?

• Meissner's corpuscles

• Interstitial myofascial receptors

• Ruffini corpuscles

• Intrafascial smooth muscle cells

Since 40% to 45% of the neurons in a typical skeletal muscle nerve are sensory, and 80% of these are the interstitial myofascial receptors, it means that the majority of sensory information provided by muscle and fascia is directed to:

• regulation of muscle tone via the cerebellum

• Primary somatosensory gyrus of the parietal lobe of the cerebrum

• Autonomic nervous system

• Primary somatomotor gyrus of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum

What connective element of skeletal muscle is described as the tenoperiosteal junction?

• The broad sheet of tissue that surrounds the muscle as a whole

• The fibrous connective tissue between the periosteum and tendon

• The point where epi-, peri-, and endomysium blend into a single fibrous cord

• The transitional tissue zone between the muscle and tendon

Which of the following is the most accurate description of a motor unit?

• 1 motor neuron + multiple sarcomeres

• 1 sensory neuron + 1 motor neuron

• 1 motor neuron + multiple muscle fibers

• multiple motor neurons + multiple muscle fibers