What is the principle of Flame Photometry?

Measurement of light emitted by excited atoms.

Measurement of light absorbed by ground-state atoms.

Measurement of light scattered by particles.

Measurement of the quantity of light reflected.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of a continuous-flow analyzer?

It can only analyze for one constituent at a time.

Ability to perform random-access testing.

It requires a lot of sample volume.

Which photodetector is most sensitive to very low light levels?

Photodiode array (PDA) detectors

A lab assistant mistakenly uses a reagent that is 6 months past its expiration date. This would most likely cause what type of error on a Levey-Jennings chart?

A trend because the potency of the reagent will gradually decrease over time.

A random error because it's an isolated incident.

A shift because the entire run of results will be consistently lower or higher.

An outlier because only one result will be affected.

A laboratory method is described as having high analytical sensitivity. What does this mean for the test?

It can measure a very small amount of the analyte.

It is highly accurate and precise.

It can differentiate the analyte from other similar substances.

It is easy to repeat in the laboratory.

A laboratory is validating a new chemistry analyzer. They test a control sample with a known concentration of 100 mg/dL. Over five runs, the results are 101, 102, 101, 103, and 100 mg/dL. What can be said about the test performance?

It has high accuracy and high precision.

It has high accuracy but low precision.

It has high precision but low accuracy.

It has low accuracy and low precision.

Why is a square cuvette preferred over a round cuvette in spectrophotometry?

It has less error from the lens effect.

It allows for better light transmission.

It can hold a larger sample volume.

A student performs a test using a new set of reagents and observes that ten consecutive control values fall on the same side of the mean. Which Westgard rule is violated, and what does it indicate?

10x rule, indicating a systematic error.

13S rule, indicating a random error.

22S rule, indicating a systematic error.

41S rule, indicating a systematic error.

A physician orders a potassium level for a patient. The lab result is 7.5 mEq/L, and the previous result from two days ago was 4.2 mEq/L. The lab flags this as a delta check error. What is the most likely reason for this flag?

There was a specimen mix-up or other lab error.

The patient's condition has medically worsened.

The analyzer's calibration is off.

The QC sample for potassium was out of range.

A laboratory is required to test a minimum of 120 healthy subjects to establish a reference interval. What is the purpose of this number?

To ensure the range includes 95% of the healthy population.

To meet a regulatory requirement.

To account for different ages and genders.

To establish a mean and standard deviation for the test.

A laboratory wants to test a patient's serum for a specific drug. The lab manager chooses to use GC-MS. Why is this a good choice?

GC-MS provides definitive identification and is the gold standard for drug testing.

GC-MS is the cheapest method available.

GC-MS can measure very large biomolecules like proteins.

GC-MS uses a laser to ionize the sample, making it very sensitive.

How does proficiency testing (external quality assessment) differ from internal quality control (QC)?

PT evaluates method performance against other labs, while QC monitors a single lab's results over time.

PT uses patient samples, while QC uses control samples.

PT is performed daily, while QC is performed monthly.

PT is a part of the preanalytical phase, while QC is part of the analytical phase.

Which of the following is an example of a random error?

A single, isolated sampling error.

Improper calibration of the instrument.

A fluorometer is chosen over a spectrophotometer for measuring a specific analyte. What is a key reason for this choice?

Fluorometry is used for measuring very small concentrations of molecules.

Fluorometry does not require a light source.

Fluorometry measures light absorbed by the solution.

How is electrophoresis able to separate different proteins in a mixture?

Based on their charge and size in an electric field.

Based on their molecular weight.

Based on their ability to bind to a stationary phase.

A lab reports a positive diagnostic sensitivity of 98% for a new test. What does this number imply?

98% of the people who have the disease will test positive.

The test is positive 98% of the time it's used.

98% of people who test positive actually have the disease.

98% of the people who don't have the disease will test negative.

A laboratory is validating a new instrument. The QC data shows a trend over six consecutive runs. What is the most likely cause of this error?

A contaminated reagent that is getting worse over time.

A sudden change in calibration.

A test has a very high positive predictive value (PPV). How does this benefit patient care?

A positive test result is highly likely to be correct, reducing unnecessary follow-up.

A negative test result is very reliable.

It increases the number of false negatives.

It indicates the test is highly sensitive.

You are analyzing QC data and see a control value that falls outside the ±3s limits. What is the immediate action you should take?

Reject the run and troubleshoot the issue.

Report the patient results as normal.

Continue with the test run, as this is a warning rule.

Recalibrate the instrument and re-run the control.

An increase in the amount of stray light in a spectrophotometer would have what effect on the measured absorbance of a sample?

It would decrease the measured absorbance, causing the calculated concentration to be lower than the true value.

It would increase the measured absorbance, causing the calculated concentration to be higher than the true value.

It would only affect the test's precision.

A Gaussian distribution is described as symmetric. What does this characteristic imply about the distribution of results?

The data is evenly spread on both sides of the central tendency.

The mean, median, and mode are all different.

The data is skewed to one side.

The distribution is not a bell curve.

A laboratory uses a potentiometric method to measure electrolytes. The electrode measures a voltage change. What is this voltage change directly related to?

The concentration of the specific ion being measured.

The temperature of the solution.

The flow of current through the solution.

Which of the following would be an example of a preanalytical error?

A phlebotomist uses an incorrect collection tube for the ordered test.

A technician enters the wrong result into the LIS.

A faulty ISE is giving consistently high potassium results.

The analyzer is not calibrated correctly.

A lab performs a delta check on a patient's results. A recent glucose value of 180 mg/dL is flagged because the previous value was 95 mg/dL. The technician verifies the patient and the sample were correct. What is the most logical conclusion?

The patient's medical condition has changed.

The previous result was a lab error.

The instrument is out of calibration.

The new result is likely a lab error.

Why is it important for a lab to have a list of critical values and a protocol for reporting them?

To immediately notify patient care personnel of life-threatening results.

To meet accreditation standards.

To ensure patient results are always correct.

To prevent errors in data entry.

A phlebotomist draws blood from a patient and notices the specimen is hemolyzed. The test ordered is a potassium level, which is known to be affected by hemolysis. What should the phlebotomist do?

Reject the specimen and redraw the patient.

Process the specimen and let the lab decide.

Note the hemolysis on the specimen and run the test.

Inform the physician that the sample is hemolyzed.

A lab needs to measure the concentration of an unexcited trace metal like calcium. Which instrument principle should be used?

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

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According to the "68-95-99 Rule," approximately what percentage of data falls within +/- 2 standard deviations of the mean in a Gaussian distribution?

Which term describes the closeness of assayed values to the true value?

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Which Westgard rule is considered a "warning flag"?

Which type of error is described as influencing all observations consistently in one direction?

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Which component of a spectrophotometer is used to isolate a specific wavelength of light?

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