Binds to theca cells and converts colesterol into androgens (e.g. testosterone)

Binds to granulosa cells and converts androgens to estradiol via aromatization

Binds to granulosa cells and converts androgens to estradiol E2 via aromatization

Binds to theca cells and converts colesterol to androgens (e.g. testosterone)

When should we recommend a woman to have her hormonal assessment done?

Day 3-5 of menstrual cycle, just when period finishes

Day 0-3, at the start of menstruation

After ovulation, during luteal phase

Choose the correct answers..

Endometrium: proliferative and secretory phase

Ovary: follicular and luteal phase

Ovary: follicular and secretory phase

Endometrium: proliferative and luteal phase

Primary Amenorrhea is defined as: (two correct answers)

failure to reach menarche by age 15

failure to reach menarche within 3 years of thelarche

Absence of menstruation for >90 days

failure to reach menarche within 2 years of thelarche

Define primary dysmenorrhea

Colic pain in the suprapubic region before or during menstruation, in absence of primary disease

Colic pain in the suprapubic region associated with pelvic disease that persists beyond period

Which statements are true?

Endometriosis is the abnormal growth of endometrial tissue in extrauterine locations

Adenomyosis is when the endometrium grows into the muscular wall

Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection of the female reproductive organs often caused by chlamydia and gonorrhea

Adenomyosis is when the myometrium grown into the endometrium

Which is the first line of treatment for primary dysmenorrhea

NSAIDs like naproxen, ibuprofen, mefenamic acid and ketoprofen

Combined oral contraceptive (estrogen-progestin)

Maintain pregnancy by stimulating Corpus luteum to keep producing progesterone

Stimulate the pituitary to release LH and FSH

Convert colesterol to tesosterone

which is the correct order of ejaculation?

1.Before orgasm semen comes from bulbourethral gland

2.semen released from seminal vesicles and prostate gland

3.small amount of fluid is released by vesicle

1. semen released from seminal vesicles and prostate gland

2.before orgasm, semen comes from bulbourethral gland

Which normal findings should we expect in a sperm assessment?

at least 20 million sperm per ml of semen

maximum of 30% abnormal sperm ejaculated

60% should be normal size and shape

What is true regarding fecundation?

First the sperm pass thru the cumulus oophorus and THEN thru the zona pellucidaF

The cortical reaction occurs after the sperm attaches to the egg's basement membrane

The second meiotic division completes after the cortical reaction

Finally the sperm and egg's pronuclei fuses

First the sperm pass thru the Zona pellucida and THEN thru the cumulus oophorus

Parts of the fallopian tube in order (from ovary to uterus lol):

1.fimbrae 2.infundibulum 3.ampulla 4.isthmus

1.fimbrae 2. ampulla 3.infundibulum 4.isthmus

1.isthmus 2.indundibulum 3.ampulla 4.fimbrae

Choose the correct statement regarding the cervix.

Endocervix: simple columnar epithelium Ectocervix: stratified squamous

Endocervix: stratified squamous epithelium Ectocervix: simple columnar epithelium

Choose the correct statements regarding the vagina:

non-keratinized Stratified squamous epithelium

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

True facts about GnRH

pattern: 60-minute to 4-hour intervals.

pattern: 120-minute to 8-hour intervals.

What is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Infection of the female reproductive organs (uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries) and may extend into the peritoneum

Abnormal growth of endometrial tissue in extrauterine locations

Implantation of a fertilized egg outside of the uterus

What is true about PID?

PID is more prevalent in women <35 years old

It is linked to STDs like Chlamydia Trachomatis and Neisseria Gonorrhea

PID is more prevalent in women >35 years old

Bacterial vaginosis does not increase the risk of PID

What is true regarding the pathophysiology of PID?

The Upper genital tract (UGT) is protected from the vagina's bacterial flora by a mucosal barrier

Disruption of the barrier results in the spread of bacteria to the former sterile UGT

Bacterial vaginosis can facilitate ascension of bacteria

Iatrogenic causes include: IUD insertion, hysterosapingography, etc)

a pH > 4.3 is a protective factor against PID

PID risk factors include:

Vaginal douching (intravaginal cleansing)

Invasive procedures (IUD insertion, vaginal curettage)

Signs and Symptoms of PID

"Chandelier Sign" (Cervical motion tenderness)

Vaginal bleeding or purulent discharge

Which are the complication of PID?

Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome (35%)

These are all diagnostic methods for PID. Which of them are DEFINITIVE but rarely required?

Laparoscopy to view inflamed tissues

Endometrial biopsy to see endometritis

Imaging (MRI/USG) to see tubo-ovarian abscess

lower abdominal pain and Cervical motion tenderness

What is true regarding PID management?

often involves a combination of ceftriaxone, doxycyclin and metronidazole

often involves a combination of ceftriaxone, azythromycin and metronidazole

often involves a combination of ceftriaxone, doxycyclin and fluconazole

often involves a combination of doxycyclin, azythromycin and metronidazole

Which statements are correct regarding PID management?

Treat sexual partners empirically for gonorrhea and chlamydia too

Surgery is indicated if an abscess is ruptured or if therapy does not work

Tubo-ovarian abscess can be drained thru laparoscopy

Sexual intercourse is ok during the length of the therapy (usually 14 days)

Weigh gain during pregnancy can be attributed to:

Maternal reserves (fat storage)

Maternal tissues (breast, uterus, blood volume, extracellular fluids)

Uterus and contents (amniotic fluid, fetus, placenta)

Weight gain depends on mother's BMI. Which statements are true????

BMI <18.5 (underweight) should gain 12.5-18 kg

BMI 18.5-24.9 ("normal") should gain 11.5-16 kg

BMI 25-29.9 ("overweight") should gain 7-11.5 kg

BMI >30 (obese) should gain 5-9 kg

BMI 18.5-24.9 ("normal") should gain 13-17 kg

During pregnancy, the threshold for thirst and vasopressin decreases leading to...

a decrease in plasma osmolarity by 10 mOsm/kg

Total additional water of 6.5 liters (around 7 kg)

Edema (which may be present) can measure up to 1 liter

an increase of plasma osmolarity by 10 mOsm/kg

Maternal hyperlipidemia...

Often present during late pregnancy

Is caused by estrogen and increased insulin resistance

Low effects of insulin increases lipolysis and reduces lipoprotein lipase activity --> more circulation of TG in blood stream

Often present during early pregnancy

After delivery, lipid levels remain high

The precise mechanism of endometriosis is unknown but it is believed to be a combination of:

Samson theory - retrograde menstruation thru fallopian tubes --> peritoneal cavity

Mayer's theory - metaplasia of coelmic cells (embryological precursor of cells of the peritoneum and endometrium)

Surgical dissemination of endometrial fragments

Lifestyle factors: elevated intake of processed foods

Gynecology

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Which is the prinicpal gonadotropin and hormone released furing the follicular phase?

FSH

Estrogen

FSH

Progesterone

progesterone

Answer explanation

Remember proliferative/follicular phase with: "Fix the endometrium" F stands for FSH

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Which hormone is released during luteal phase?

Estrogen

Progesterone

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Which gonadotropin triggers ovulation?

FSH

GnRH

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Which hormone is released in a pulsatile manner by the hypothalamus and stimulate the pituitary gland to release LH and FSH

GnRH

HCG

MULTIPLE SELECT QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

Which are uterine ligaments?

Broad ligament

Uterosacral ligament

Round ligaments

Infundibulopelvic ligaments

Uteroovarian ligament

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

The primary oocyte is arrested in ______ meiosis I until puberty

Prophase I

Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telophase I

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

The secondary oocyte is arrested in ______ meiosis II until fertilization (if it happens).

Prophase II

Metaphase II

Anaphase II

Telophase II

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Gynecology

Which is the prinicpal gonadotropin and hormone released furing the follicular phase?

Remember proliferative/follicular phase with: "Fix the endometrium" F stands for FSH

Which hormone is released during luteal phase?

Which gonadotropin triggers ovulation?

Which hormone is released in a pulsatile manner by the hypothalamus and stimulate the pituitary gland to release LH and FSH

Which are uterine ligaments?

The primary oocyte is arrested in ______ meiosis I until puberty

The secondary oocyte is arrested in ______ meiosis II until fertilization (if it happens).

What does LH do?

What does FSH do?

If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum undergoes apoptosis to days after ovulation

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Gynecology

Which is the prinicpal gonadotropin and hormone released furing the follicular phase?

Remember proliferative/follicular phase with: "Fix the endometrium" F stands for FSH

Which hormone is released during luteal phase?

Which gonadotropin triggers ovulation?

Which hormone is released in a pulsatile manner by the hypothalamus and stimulate the pituitary gland to release LH and FSH

Which are uterine ligaments?

The primary oocyte is arrested in ______ meiosis I until puberty

The secondary oocyte is arrested in ______ meiosis II until fertilization (if it happens).

What does LH do?

What does FSH do?

If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum undergoes apoptosis ____ to ____ days after ovulation

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If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum undergoes apoptosis to days after ovulation