Defamation

Which article of the ICCPR explicitly protects against attacks on a person’s honour and reputation?

• Article 20

• Article 17

• Article 19

• Article 21

Which landmark U.S. case established the “actual malice” standard?

• Brown v. Board of Education

• Marbury v. Madison

• New York Times Co. v. Sullivan

• Roe v. Wade

What must a public official prove under the “actual malice” standard?

• Knowledge of falsity or reckless disregard for truth

• That the statement was unpopular

• Negligence in fact-checking

• Mere harm to reputation

Which African Court case declared imprisonment for defamation contrary to freedom of expression?

• Bogoshi v. South Africa

• Zongo v. Burkina Faso

• Alvarez Ramos v. Venezuela

• Konaté v. Burkina Faso

Which defence allows false statements if journalists acted responsibly and in the public interest?

• Reasonable publication

• Honest comment

• Defence of opinion

• Defence of truth

Article 19 ICCPR establishes an unlimited right to freedom of expression.

• True

• False

Which remedies are considered less intrusive and more proportionate in defamation cases? (more than one answer may be correct)

• Public apology

• Monetary damages (when proportionate)

• Right of reply

• Imprisonment

Which criteria are central to the three-part test for limiting freedom of expression under Article 19(3) ICCPR? (more that one answer may be correct)

• Legality

• Proportionality

• Necessity

• Popularity

Which standard is applied by the ECtHR to protect journalists who act ethically even if they err in facts?

• Actual malice

• Responsible journalism

• Honest comment

• Reasonable publication

What is the purpose of requiring proportionality in remedies for defamation?

• To punish the journalist

• To discourage public interest reporting

• To reward the State

• To redress harm without silencing debate