The Cell Cycle, Cell Differentiation and Specialization Review

Daniel and Evelyn are curious about why cell division is so important for living things! Cell division helps organisms because it ___ and ___. During the prophase stage, Aria notices that ___ inside the nucleus start to change and become ___, making them easier to ___ during later stages of ___. Can you help them fill in the blanks with the correct terms or phrases, in order of appearance?

• replaces worn cells; regenerates tissue; chromosomes; less spread out; separate; mitosis

• replaces worn cells; synthesizes DNA; centromeres; longer; duplicate; mitosis

• enlarges cells; regenerates tissue; chromosomes; aligned; attach; replication

• enlarges cells; synthesizes DNA; daughter cells; paired up; separate; cytokinesis

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NGSS.HS-LS1-4

James, Anika, and Aria are studying the cell cycle diagram together. The lettered part of the cell cycle that is part of interphase is (a)   .

• A
• B
• C
• D

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NGSS.MS-LS1-2

Grace and Benjamin are curious about the cell cycle! Can you help them figure out why interphase is such an important part of the cell cycle? (a)  

• During interphase, the sister chrom

• During interphase, the cytoplasm is

• During interphase, DNA is replicate

• During interphase, the cell grows a

Zoe, Aiden, and Liam are exploring the cell cycle in their science adventure! Help them match each exciting description to the correct phase:

1. Each chromosome condenses to appear as two sister chromatids connected at the centromere.
2. The cell increases in size and synthesizes new proteins and organelles.
3. Centromeres of the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.
4. Sister chromatids separate and move along the spindle fibers to separate ends of the cell.

Which of the following options pairs each description with the phase it describes, in order?

• G₁ phase; prophase; metaphase; anaphase

• prophase; G₁ phase; anaphase; metaphase

• metaphase; G₁ phase; prophase; anaphase

• anaphase; prophase; metaphase; G₁ phase

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-4

Imagine Mia, Charlotte, and Daniel are exploring the mysteries of human development! At what stage do cells start to specialize and take on unique roles in the body?

• It begins with the zygote; zygote cells are totipotent so they produce blood and skin cells.

• It begins in the blastocyst; the inner cell mass forms the embryo and the outer cells form tissues that attach the embryo to its mother.

• It begins at any time; mutations can occur at any time and can disrupt the cell cycle and cause cancer.

• It begins during neural tube formation; the notochord and ectoderm are both specialized cells.

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NGSS.HS-LS1-4

Imagine Abigail and Benjamin are learning about cell specialization in science class. The role of MyoD in cell specialization is to (a)   . Can you help them choose the correct answer?

• It signals muscle cells to produce

• It repairs embryonic cells that are

• It signals myoblast cells to begin

• It causes myoblast cells to become

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NGSS.HS-LS1-4

Nora, Aria, and Benjamin are learning about how the cell cycle works. They discover that sometimes, when the cell cycle gets disrupted, it can lead to cancer! Which of the following statements best describe how this can happen? Select all that apply.

• p53, a gene for a checkpoint protein, does not function correctly, causing the cell to replicate uncontrollably.

• Immune system cells malfunction, resulting in tumor cells metastasizing throughout the body.

• The chromosomes do not separate correctly, resulting in a gene that does not regulate cell replication.

• Daughter cells contain unequal amounts of genetic material, causing the cell to contain incorrect proteins.

• Cells no longer respond to external growth regulators and therefore continue to grow and divide.

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NGSS.HS-LS1-4

Ava, Harper, and Zoe are learning about how medications can affect cells. Suppose a medication stops cell growth by preventing replication of DNA chains. Which part of the cell cycle do you think is disrupted by this medication?

• The G₁ phase

• The S phase

• The G₂ phase

• The M phase

Imagine Avery, Isla, and Jackson are on a science adventure, exploring how cells grow and divide! The cell cycle involves duplicating (a)   in the (b)   and creating two (c)   daughter cells. This process helps organisms grow because it prevents each cell from having (d)   . During cell division, a cell also (e)   . This process boosts growth by increasing the ratio of undefined   for undefined   , making it easier to move undefined   into and out of the cell.

• DNA; chromosomes; identical; decrea
• DNA; chromosomes; different; increa
• centromeres; nucleus; identical; de
• DNA; nucleus; different; increases

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NGSS.HS-LS1-4

Emma, Aria, and Nora are learning about how cells keep our bodies healthy. Imagine if the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) gets disrupted. What could happen that might lead to cancer?

• Diseased cells do not undergo the process of programmed cell death and attach to healthy cells to absorb their nutrients.

• Cells become resistant to regulatory proteins and can no longer form a mitotic spindle, leading to randomized cell death.

• An increase in programmed cell death results in loss of tissue, which in turn leads to a loss of function.

• Cells do not undergo the process of programmed cell death and continue to go through the cell cycle without stopping.

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NGSS.HS-LS1-4