phylogenies and history of life

what is the anatomy terminology of the phylogenetic tree

• trunk, flower, seed, stem
• cell, tissue, organ, system
• species, habitat, ecosystem, biome
• Node; a point within the tree where branch splits into 2 or more branches

  branch; a line representing a species or other taxon through time

  root; the most ancesteral branch on the tree

  tip; endpoint of branch

  out group; a taxon that diverged before the taxa that are the focus of study

what is ancestral trait

• An ancestral trait is a characteristic inherited from a common ancestor.
• An ancestral trait is a characteristic that is only found in recent species.
• An ancestral trait is a modern adaptation that improves survival.
• An ancestral trait is a feature that evolves independently in different species.

what are synapomorphies

• Synapomorphies are random traits that have no evolutionary significance.
• Synapomorphies are traits that are unique to a single species.
• Synapomorphies are traits that are inherited unchanged from ancestors.
• Synapomorphies are shared derived traits used to define evolutionary relationships.

what are homologous traits

• Homologous traits are traits in different species that are derived from a common ancestor.
• Homologous traits are traits that are only found in the same species.
• Homologous traits are traits that arise from environmental adaptations.
• Homologous traits are traits that are identical in function but not in structure.

what are monophyletic groups

• Monophyletic groups consist of unrelated species that share a habitat.
• Monophyletic groups are defined as groups that exclude some descendants.
• Monophyletic groups only include the common ancestor.
• Monophyletic groups are groups that include a common ancestor and all its descendants.

non monophyletic

• A non-monophyletic group includes all descendants of a common ancestor.
• A non-monophyletic group is a single lineage with no branches.
• A non-monophyletic group is defined by its unique evolutionary traits.
• A non-monophyletic group is a grouping that excludes some descendants of a common ancestor.

what are the two groups of the non monophyletic and describe

• Paraphyletic and Cladistic groups
• Polyphyletic and Cladistic groups
• Paraphyletic- misses SOME descendants Polyphyletic- shares similar traits but misses common ancestors

• Monophyletic and Paraphyletic groups

convergent evolution

• Convergent evolution is the process where unrelated species develop similar traits. occurs where there are adaptions to similar environmental pressures

• Convergent evolution is the phenomenon where related species develop different traits.
• Convergent evolution refers to the process of species diversifying into multiple forms.
• Convergent evolution is when species become extinct due to environmental changes.

how do you know if something is homologous or convergent

• Homologous traits are always more complex than convergent traits.
• Homologous traits come from a common ancestor; convergent traits arise independently. homologous; the forelimbs of mammals (like humans and whales), convergent; is the wings of bats and birds.

• Convergent traits are inherited from a common ancestor.
• Homologous traits arise independently in different species.

what are the 4 limitations of the fossil record

• is the total collection of fossils that have been
  found throughout the world

• Habitat bias: sediment is actively being deposited burrowing organisms vs aboveground
  Taxonomic and tissue bias: tissues with a tough outer coat that resists decay hard parts vs soft parts

  Temporal bias: recent more common than ancient fossils
  Abundance bias: abundant and widespread organisms more likely to leave evidence

• there are none