Based on Elizabeth Hurlock’s concept of the life span, which stage marks the beginning of significant physical maturation and identity formation?

• Early Childhood

• Adolescence

• Middle Adulthood

• Late Childhood

Answer explanation

Adolescence marks a critical period of significant physical maturation and identity formation, as individuals transition from childhood to adulthood, experiencing hormonal changes and developing a sense of self.

A student feels insecure about their height despite excelling in sports. According to K.R. Fox’s model of physical self-esteem, this situation reflects—

• consistency in all physical subdomains

• an imbalance among subdomains of physical self-perception

• an overemphasis on emotional self

• the absence of global self-esteem

Answer explanation

The student's insecurity about height, despite sports success, indicates an imbalance among physical self-perception subdomains. They excel in sports but feel inadequate in height, showing inconsistency in their self-esteem across different areas.

Which of the following best explains why physical self-care is essential to personal development?

• It improves appearance and social acceptance only.

• It strengthens physical and mental systems, leading to overall well-being.

• It ensures that people can meet others’ expectations.

• It focuses solely on physical strength and endurance.

Answer explanation

The correct choice highlights that physical self-care enhances both physical and mental health, which is crucial for overall well-being and personal development, rather than focusing solely on appearance or meeting others' expectations.

In Shavelson’s self-concept hierarchy, which of the following best differentiates academic from non-academic self?

• Academic self is emotional, while non-academic self is behavioral.

• Academic self develops through learning, while non-academic self develops through social, emotional, and physical experiences.

• Academic self is biological, while non-academic self is cultural.

• Academic self is innate, while non-academic self is learned.

Answer explanation

In Shavelson’s self-concept hierarchy, the academic self is defined by perceptions of abilities and achievements in educational contexts, while the non-academic self relates to personal interests and social interactions, highlighting their distinct roles.

Academic self develops through learning, while non-academic self develops through social, emotional, and physical experiences.

• A. Academic self is emotional, while non-academic self is behavioral.

• B. Academic self develops through learning, while non-academic self develops through social, emotional, and physical experiences.

• C. Academic self is biological, while non-academic self is cultural.

• D. Academic self is innate, while non-academic self is learned.

Answer explanation

The correct choice, B, accurately reflects the statement that academic self develops through learning, while non-academic self develops through social, emotional, and physical experiences, aligning perfectly with the question.

According to Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory, an adolescent who struggles to find personal identity but copies peers’ behaviors is experiencing—

• autonomy vs. shame and doubt

• intimacy vs. isolation

• identity vs. role confusion

• initiative vs. guilt

Answer explanation

According to Erikson, adolescents face the challenge of identity vs. role confusion. Struggling to find personal identity and mimicking peers indicates confusion about their own identity, making this the correct choice.

Which aspect of Erikson’s ego is responsible for how individuals view themselves in various social roles?

• Ego ideal

• Ego identity

• Body ego

• Superego

Answer explanation

Ego identity refers to how individuals perceive themselves in relation to their social roles. It encompasses the sense of self that develops through social interactions, making it the correct choice for this question.

A person who strives to meet ideal standards of physical beauty but feels constant dissatisfaction is most affected by which aspect of Erikson’s ego?

• Body ego

• Ego identity

Answer explanation

The correct choice is 'Body ego' because it refers to a person's perception and feelings about their physical appearance. Striving for ideal beauty and feeling dissatisfaction directly relates to issues with body image.

According to Freud, a child who becomes excessively neat and controlling as an adult may have been fixated at which psychosexual stage?

• Oral stage

• Anal stage

• Phallic stage

• Latency stage

Answer explanation

According to Freud, the anal stage is associated with control and orderliness. An adult who is excessively neat and controlling may have experienced fixation during this stage, leading to such personality traits.

Which statement demonstrates a holistic understanding of Maslow’s hierarchy in relation to physical self-care?

• Meeting physical needs like food and rest is foundational to achieving higher psychological growth.

• Self-actualization must come before physical well-being.

• Physical care is less important than emotional satisfaction.

• Safety and belongingness needs are unrelated to physical self.

Answer explanation

The correct choice highlights that meeting basic physical needs, such as food and rest, is essential for progressing to higher levels of psychological growth, aligning with Maslow's hierarchy.