What was the major Supreme Court decision in 2023 regarding affirmative action in college admissions?

• Affirmative action policies were expanded.

• Affirmative action policies were ended.

• Affirmative action policies were limited to private universities.

• Affirmative action policies were upheld without changes.

What is the main idea of John Locke's "social contract" theory?

• People must always obey the government without question.

• The government protects people's rights, and in return, people agree to be governed.

• Individuals should have complete freedom with no government interference.

• Society is naturally chaotic and needs a strong ruler to control everything.

What does the concept of "identity blindness" imply about how laws should treat different groups of people?

• Laws should be designed to specifically address the needs of different social groups.

• Laws should assume everyone is the same and not consider social identifiers like race or gender.

• Laws should only protect the rights of the most powerful groups.

• Laws should be flexible and change based on individual feelings.

What do proponents of "identity politics" suggest is necessary to address existing inequalities?

• To ignore differences in identity and focus on universal laws.

• To pay more attention to how identity relates to political issues and inequalities.

• To remove all laws that mention race or gender.

• To wait for inequalities to naturally disappear over time.

How did Harvard initially try to increase diversity in its student body?

• By setting a strict quota for minority students.

• By considering race as one of many factors in admissions and actively recruiting diverse students.

• By only admitting students from low-income backgrounds.

• By focusing solely on academic merit without considering background.

What method did the University of California, Davis, use to increase minority admissions through 1978?

• They offered scholarships specifically for minority students.

• They set aside a specific number of admission spots for "qualified minorities."

• They lowered admission standards for minority applicants.

• They focused on recruiting students from diverse high schools.

What was the approximate percentage of Black students in Harvard's Class of 2022, compared to 1963?

• It remained the same at about 1%.

• It decreased from 10% to 1%.

• It increased from about 1% to over 10%.

• It increased to match the US Black population of 14%.

What is "identity essentialism"?

• The belief that all people are fundamentally the same regardless of their background.

• The idea that focusing on shared experiences is more important than individual differences.

• Reducing complex individuals to a set of simplified traits, potentially leading to stereotypes.

• A political theory that advocates for ignoring all identity factors in decision-making.