NATSCI 1 - Physical Science (Summative Test)

If astronomers discover a new radiation pattern in deep space similar to the cosmic microwave background, what would this most likely confirm?

• A. The steady state theory

• B. The expansion of the universe from a hot origin

• C. The geocentric theory

• D. The end of the universe

A scientist argues that galaxies are continuously being created as the universe expands, keeping its density constant. Which theory does this align with?

• A. Big Bang Theory

• B. Cosmic Inflation Theory

• C. Steady State Theory

• D. Relativity Theory

If the universe were contracting instead of expanding, which of the following observations would be opposite to Hubble’s Law?

• A. Galaxies moving closer together

• B. Galaxies moving away faster

• C. Redshift in galaxy light

• D. Discovery of quasars

Which finding would most strongly challenge the Big Bang Theory?

• A. Uneven distribution of cosmic radiation

• B. High abundance of light elements

• C. Continuous redshift of distant galaxies

• D. Evidence of cosmic expansion

Answer explanation

If new evidence showed that galaxies’ densities remain constant despite expansion, scientists might need to revise which existing model?

• A. Heliocentric model

• B. Big Bang model

• C. Steady State model

• D. Nebular hypothesis

A new model proposes that the planets move in spiral paths around the Sun. Which astronomer’s ideas would this challenge most directly?

• A. Kepler

• B. Copernicus

• C. Galileo

• D. Newton

If Galileo had access to the Hubble Telescope, what modern discovery would have most supported his work?

• A. The bending of light by gravity

• B. The observation of exoplanets orbiting other stars

• C. The discovery of quasars

• D. The detection of cosmic radiation

An experiment shows a small object distorting light passing nearby. Which theory best explains this?

• A. Copernican model

• B. Newton’s Laws of Motion

• C. Einstein’s General Relativity

• D. Kepler’s Second Law

If Tycho Brahe had not invented his mapping devices, which field would have developed more slowly?

• A. Cosmology

• B. Planetary motion modeling

• C. Stellar fusion studies

• D. Astrobiology

You design a simulation showing how gravitational attraction keeps planets in orbit. Which scientist’s principles are you applying?

• A. Kepler

• B. Newton

• C. Einstein

• D. Ptolemy