Early migrants from drier areas of Africa and Southwest Asia began settling the Nile valley as early as 5000 BCE. Which plan would most effectively sustain a permanent community there, based on the text and map?

• Hunting large desert animals and trading salt

• Practicing nomadic herding across the Sahara

• Establishing farms and villages along the Nile’s banks to use the fertile land

• Building forts to control caravan routes through the Sinai Peninsula

Using evidence from the material, which scenario best explains why ancient Egyptians praised the Nile as the "creator of all good"? Choose the option that most strategically connects climate conditions with human needs and agriculture.

• Egypt received abundant rainfall, so the Nile was mainly used for recreation.

• Egypt’s hot, dry climate meant little rainfall; the Nile provided water for drinking, bathing, and growing crops.

• Frequent snowstorms in Egypt made the Nile necessary for melting snow to irrigate fields.

• The Nile’s short length made it easy to cross, so trade flourished without needing water resources.

Using the map description of Ancient Egypt c. 3100 BCE, which statement best explains the relative locations of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt along the Nile River?

• Upper Egypt lies upstream in the south, while Lower Egypt is the northern Nile Delta near the Mediterranean Sea.

• Upper Egypt is the northern coastal region, and Lower Egypt is the southern desert near Nubia.

• Upper Egypt is east of the Red Sea, and Lower Egypt is west of the Western Desert.

• Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt are both located entirely within the Nile Delta at the river’s mouth.

Based on the map and notes, which reasoning best supports why Giza became an early thriving city in ancient Egypt?

• Its position in the Nile Delta provided fertile land and river access for trade and resources, near Memphis and major monuments.

• It was located deep in the Western Desert, isolated from other settlements.

• It sat at the Second Cataract, making river travel impossible and forcing overland routes.

• It was far south in Nubia, distant from the Mediterranean trade networks.

Which statement best explains how the Nile River creates a delta near the Mediterranean Sea?

• The river dries up and leaves sand dunes that fan outward.

• Shortly before reaching the sea, the Nile splits into many branches that form a fan-shaped area of fertile marshland.

• Strong winds push seawater inland to carve channels into farmland.

• Tectonic plates lift the coastline to make a triangular peninsula.

Based on the description, what geographic feature lies immediately beyond the lush Nile valley?

• Dense rainforest

• Snow-covered tundra

• Barren deserts on either side

• Rocky mountain ranges only to the south

What evidence from the text most strongly illustrates the sharp landscape contrast along the Nile?

• The valley has occasional clouds.

• A person can stand with one foot in fertile soil and one foot in barren sand.

• The river is wider in summer.

• Cairo is a large city near the river.

Which statement best characterizes the Nile Delta’s shape and formation?

• A circular island formed by waves

• A fan-shaped area formed where the river splits into many branches near the sea

• A narrow canyon carved by glaciers

• A square plain created by human engineering

Given the sudden change in landscape along the Nile, which planning decision would most benefit farmers?

• Plant crops on the barren desert dunes to avoid flooding.

• Locate fields in the fertile soils near the river while using the desert margins for paths and storage.

• Move farms to the Mediterranean coastline away from fresh water.

• Avoid living near the river entirely.

A flood has washed away the boundary markers between two Egyptian fields. Using the practices described, what is the most effective strategy farmers would use to reestablish fair field divisions, and why would this approach work even after markers were lost?

• Replace markers by guessing previous locations based on memory

• Use donkeys to carry new boundary stones to the fields and place them randomly

• Apply geometry to recalculate the area and boundaries of each field

• Wait for the next flood to deposit richer soil and then divide the land evenly by eye