Based on the given properties of the compound and its example. Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?

NaCl → ionic bond, high melting point

CO₂ → polar molecule, paramagnetic

Mg → covalent bond, poor conductor

CH₄ → polar bonds, overall polar molecule

Given that ionic compounds form through electron transfer and covalent compounds form through electron sharing, which physical property best distinguishes covalent compounds from ionic ones?

Low melting points, poor conductors

High melting points, soluble in water

Electrical conductivity in molten state

Metallic luster and malleability

Refer to the diagram on the right side. Which statement is TRUE about metallic bonding?

It consists of delocalized electrons forming a “sea” around positive ions.

It involves transfer of electrons between metals and nonmetals.

It involves shared electron pairs between nonmetals.

It is the weakest type of chemical bond.

Using the diagram of metallic bonding, describe how the arrangement of metal atoms and free electrons affects the physical properties of metals such as conductivity and malleability. Explain the role of delocalized electrons in this bonding model.

Metal atoms are arranged in a lattice surrounded by a sea of delocalized electrons, which allows metals to conduct electricity and be malleable.

Metal atoms are tightly bonded with fixed electrons, making metals poor conductors and brittle in structure.

Metal atoms share electrons in pairs, forming directional bonds that limit conductivity and flexibility.

Metal atoms lose all electrons to form ionic compounds, resulting in non- metallic properties.

A compound is described as having a crystalline solid structure a high melting and boiling point and the ability to conduct electricity when dissolved in water, what type of compound is being describe?

Both metallic and ionic compound

Magnesium (Mg) is a light, strong metal, and Chlorine (Cl) is a toxic gas. When they react, they form magnesium chloride (MgCl₂), a non-toxic salt compound oftenusedtode-iceroadsorasanutritionalsupplement.Thediagramshowsthe electron shell models for a neutral magnesium atom and a neutral chlorine atom. To form a stable compound, how will these atoms most likely form ions?

One magnesium atom will lose two electrons, and two chlorine atoms will each gain one electron.

One magnesium atom will lose one electron, and one chlorine atom will gain one electron.

One magnesium atom will gain two electrons, and two chlorine atoms will each lose one electron.

One magnesium atom will share two electrons with one chlorine atom

Sodiumisahighlyreactivemetalfoundinmanycompounds,includingtablesalt. When a neutral sodium atom (Na) participates in a chemical reaction, it typically forms a sodium ion (Na⁺). Based on the diagram, which statement best explains how a neutral sodium atom becomes a sodium ion?

The atom loses an electron, resulting in more protons than electrons.

The atom gains a proton to become positively charged.

The atom loses a proton to become negatively charged.

The atom gains an electron, resulting in more electrons than protons

A student claims fluorine becomes stable by losing one electron. What is the best response?

Disagree, because fluorine gains one electron to stabilize

Disagree, because fluorine does not form ions at all

Agree, because fluorine has a full outer shell already

Agree, because losing electrons makes atoms neutral

Carbon is known for forming a wide variety of organic compounds. Based on its bonding behavior, which type of chemical bond does carbon most commonly form, and how does this enable the structural diversity observed in organic molecules?

Covalent bond – enables stable electron sharing and versatile bonding patterns

Ionic bond – allows strong electrostatic attractions between atoms

Metallic bond – contributes to conductivity and malleability in organic structures

Hydrogen bond – forms weak attractions that stabilize organic frameworks

Imagine a scenario where carbon atoms could only form single covalent bonds, and not double or triple bonds. What would be the most likely implication for organic chemistry and the diversity of molecules?

There would be reduced molecular diversity and different chemical properties

There would be more molecular functional groups

There would be more molecular diversity

The results would still be the same

Analyze the bonding in ethene (C₂H₄). How does the number of shared electron pairs between the two carbon atoms influence the molecule’s geometry and chemical reactivity?

2 – Creates a planar structure with increased reactivity due to the presence of a double bond

1 – Results in a linear structure with low reactivity

3 – Forms a rigid structure with limited chemical interactions

4 – Leads to a tetrahedral geometry and saturated bonding

Evaluate the bonding behavior of carbon in organic compounds. What characteristic of carbon enables it to form a wide variety of complex molecules essential to life?

By sharing its electrons with other metals and nonmetals

By attracting other elements toward itself to form the bonds

By forming many bonds using its electrons with other metals and nonmetals

By transferring its electrons to the atoms of surrounding elements

Carbon is known for its versatility in forming chemical bonds. Analyze how its bonding capacity influences the structure and diversity of organic compounds. What is the maximum number of covalent bonds a single carbon atom can form, and how does this contribute to organic complexity?

4 – Enables carbon to form chains, rings, and complex structures

2 – Limits carbon to forming only linear molecules

3 – Allows branching but restricts ring formation

5 – Leads to unstable compounds with limited chemical relevance

Your research is about designing a new biodegradable plastic. Based on your understanding of the general classes and uses of organic compounds, which class would be most suitable for this purpose, and why?

Esters – because they can be engineered for flexibility and biodegradability

Hydrocarbons – because they are stable and non-reactive

Alcohols – because they dissolve easily in water

Amines – because they are commonly used in fertilizers

A chemist is developing a new pain-relief medication. Based on your understanding of the general classes of organic compounds and their biological activity, which class is most likely to be involved in the formulation of this drug, and why?

Amines – often found in biologically active compounds

Carboxylic acids – commonly used for flavoring and preservatives

Alcohols – primarily used as solvents and disinfectants

Hydrocarbons – mostly used as fuels with limited biological activity

Which statement best explains how the general classes of organic compounds relate to their common uses in everyday life?

Alcohols are used in fuels and disinfectants because they dissolve substances and burn cleanly.

Hydrocarbons are mainly used in food production due to their nutritional value.

Carboxylic acids are used in plastics because they are chemically inert.

Amines are used in perfumes because they have a sweet fragrance.

A company is designing a new cleaning product intended to remove both oily residues and water-based stains. Based on your understanding of chemical properties, which type of compound would be most effective in this formulation, and why?

Alcohols – because they are polar and can dissolve both water-based and oily substances

Hydrocarbons – because they are nonpolar and dissolve water-based stains effectively

Esters – because they are highly reactive and ideal for breaking down all types of stains

Alkanes – because they are stable and enhance the product’s fragrance

Cleaning products often contain organic compounds with specific chemical properties. Which of the following best explains how the class of organic compound used in cleaning products relates to its effectiveness, with an example?

Alcohols – used in hand sanitizers because they dissolve oils and kill microbes effectively

Hydrocarbons – used in soaps because they dissolve both polar and nonpolar substances

Carboxylic acids – used in detergents because they are chemically inert and non-reactive

Amines – used in bleach because they have a pleasant odor and are non- toxic

How can knowledge about moles be useful for an environmentalist?

Mole concepts can be used to quantify the number of pollutant particles released into the atmosphere.

It gives feedback on the kinds of pollutants present in the atmosphere.

What is the standard unit for measuring large quantities of very small entities such as atoms, molecules, or ions?

Mole is the SI unit for the amount of substance, which represents a fixed number (Avogadro’s number) of particles

Grams for mass, liters for volume, and other units for the number of particles.

A bakery uses baking soda (sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO₃) as a leavening agent. To better understand the chemical reactions during baking, the head baker wants to calculate how many molecules of NaHCO₃ are in a 5-gram packet. Given that the molar mass of NaHCO₃ is approximately 84 g/mol, which of the following steps correctly leads to the number of molecules?

A. Divide 5 g by 84 g/mol, then multiply by Avogadro’s number

A. Divide Avogadro’s number by 5 g, then multiply by 84 g/mol

A sample contains 0.5 moles of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃). Calculate the number of molecules and the total mass of the sample. (Molar mass of CaCO₃ = 100 g/mol)

$$3.01\ x\ 10^{23}\ $$ and 50g of total mass

$$4.01\ x\ 10^{23}\ $$ and 50g of total mass

Percentage composition allows chemists to determine how much of each element is present in a compound, which is essential for calculating formulas, designing reactions, and analyzing substances. Why is percentage composition important in chemical analysis?

It helps identify the relative amount of each element present in a compound

It tells the exact number of atoms in a compound

John calculated that water (H₂O) is 11.11% hydrogen and 88.89% oxygen. What does 88.89% represent?

The fraction of the molar mass contributed by oxygen

The number of oxygen atoms in water

SCIENCE 9

Authored by Marymae Gimolatan

Science

9th Grade

Used 2+ times

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

2 mins • 1 pt

In the quantum mechanical model of the atom, which subatomic particle determines the identity of an element?

Atomic mass

Number of neutrons

Number of protons

Number of orbitals

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

2 mins • 1 pt

Rutherford’s gold foil experiment led to the discovery of a dense central region in the atom. Based on this model, which subatomic particle(s) are found in the nucleus?

Proton and electron

Neutron and electron

Proton and neutron

Proton only

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

2 mins • 1 pt

Read each statement and its corresponding reason carefully. Then, analyze the relationship between the two. Choose the correct answer from the options below

STATEMENTS
A. The energy of an electron in an atom is greater for greater values of n.
B. The number ,n, is referred to as the principal quantum number.

Both the statement is correct

Both the statement is incorrect

If the first statement is incorrect and the second statement is correct

If the first statement is correct and the second statement is incorrect

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

2 mins • 1 pt

Read each statement and its corresponding reason carefully. Then, analyze the relationship between the two. Choose the correct answer from the options below

STATEMENTS
A: The positively charged protons in the nucleus stabilize the electronic orbitals by electrostatic attraction between the positive charges of the protons and the negative charges of the electrons.
B: The further away the electron is from the nucleus, the lower the energy it has.

Both the statement is correct

Both the statement is incorrect

If the first statement is incorrect and the second statement is correct

If the first statement is correct and the second statement is incorrect

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

2 mins • 1 pt

Read each statement and its corresponding reason carefully. Then, analyze the relationship between the two. Choose the correct answer from the options below

STATEMENTS
Evaluate the diagram on the right side.
A. When an electron absorbs energy, it moves to a higher energy level, and the energy change is positive.
B: When an electron falls to a lower energy level, it releases energy, and the energy change is negative.

Both the statement is correct

Both the statement is incorrect

If the first statement is incorrect and the second statement is correct

If the first statement is correct and the second statement is incorrect

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