Exam 3 Practice

After presenting her research poster, Jamie feels good about her work—until she sees another student’s poster that won first place. She suddenly feels worse about her own. Jamie is engaging in a(n) ______ comparison.

• downward

• upward

• lateral

• defensive

After failing her driving test by one point, Nia keeps thinking, “If only I had checked my mirrors one more time, I would’ve passed.” This is an example of ______ thinking.

• hindsight

• counterfactual

• reconstructive

• alternative outcome

Jordan compares his basketball skills to others on his recreational team, but not to professional NBA players. This illustrates the ______ effect.

• local dominance

• downward comparison

• self-enhancement

• proximity-similarity

Luis feels nervous before his presentation, but after seeing another student completely forget their lines, he feels calmer about his own performance. Luis has made a(n) ______ comparison.

• upward

• downward

• lateral

• parallel

Taylor believes that people are either “good at drawing” or not, and that effort won’t change their ability. This reflects a ______ mindset.

• fixed

• growth

• closed

• static

A talented science student feels average after transferring to a school where everyone is at the top of their class. This demonstrates the ______ effect.

• self-handicapping

• Dunning–Kruger

• frog-pond

• local dominance

Diego, who performs poorly on guitar, believes he’s one of the best musicians around, while Ava, a professional performer, doubts her talent. This pattern reflects the ______ effect.

• overconfidence

• Dunning–Kruger

• false consensus

• self-serving

Which two conditions are required for a person to engage in social comparison?

• similarity and relevance

• proximity and motivation

• relevance and proximity

• similarity and dominance

Conformity involves:

• agreeing to a request from an authority figure

• changing one’s behavior to align with group norms

• following orders from a superior

• persuading others to change their beliefs

Kai assumes that most college students drink alcohol regularly because he often sees people post about parties on social media. Kai’s assumption reflects:

• a descriptive norm

• normative influence

• conformity

• pluralistic ignorance