A typical bag of fertilizer contains high levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium but trace amounts of magnesium and calcium. Which of the following best matches the fertilizer component with the molecule in which it will be incorporated by organisms in the area?

Nitrogen will be incorporated into nucleic acids.

Phosphorus will be incorporated into amino acids.

Potassium will be incorporated into lipids.

Magnesium will be incorporated into carbohydrates.

Which of the following statements best describes the molecular changes that occur during the reaction shown in Figure 1?

A hydroxyl group from one glucose molecule and a hydrogen atom from the other glucose molecule are removed, and one water molecule is formed.

Two hydroxyl groups are removed from each glucose molecule, and one water molecule is formed.

A water molecule is added to the hydroxyl groups to form the covalent bond between the two glucose molecules.

A hydrogen atom in one glucose molecule and a hydroxyl group in the other glucose molecule form a hydrogen bond.

The feature of model 1 that best illustrates how biological information is coded in a DNA molecule is:

the hydrogen bonds between strands

A student wants to modify model 1 so that it represents an RNA double helix instead of a DNA double helix. Of the following possible changes, which would be most effective in making model 1 look more like RNA than DNA?

Changing the deoxyriboses to riboses by adding —OH groups

Changing the sequence of the base pairs

Changing the shapes of the nitrogenous bases to match those shown in model 2

Changing the sugar-phosphate backbone to a ribbon, as shown in model 3

Which of the following best describes a structural difference between DNA and RNA?

The backbone of DNA contains deoxyribose, whereas the backbone of RNA contains ribose.

DNA contains four types of nitrogenous bases, whereas RNA contains only two types of nitrogenous bases.

A DNA molecule is composed of two parallel strands with the same 5′ to 3′ directionality, whereas an RNA molecule is composed of only one 5′ to 3′ strand.

Phosphate groups provide rigidity to DNA, but RNA is flexible and contains no phosphate groups.

Based on the molecular structures shown in the figure, which molecule is likely to be solid at room temperature?

Palmitic acid, because the absence of carbon-carbon double bonds allows the molecules to pack closely together.

Linoleic acid, because the absence of carbon-carbon double bonds allows the molecules to pack closely together.

Linoleic acid, because the presence of carbon-carbon double bonds prevents the molecules from packing closely together.

Palmitic acid, because the presence of carbon-carbon double bonds prevents the molecules from packing closely together.

The fluid mosaic model of cell membranes describes proteins and steroids associated with a phospholipid bilayer. Which of the following membrane components affect membrane stability?

Steroids, such as cholesterol, give membranes more stability.

Embedded proteins give plasma membranes less stability.

Proteins in the hydrophilic region of the plasma membrane create more stability.

Polar heads of phospholipids give plasma membranes less stability.

Which of the following best describes how the structure of ice benefits the organisms that live in the water below?

Ice prevents the water below from freezing completely.

Ice allows sunlight to penetrate the water.

Ice provides a habitat for aquatic organisms.

Ice acts as a barrier against predators.

The water molecules in ice are closer together than those in liquid water, so the ice prevents the passage of air to the water, maintaining a constant gas mixture in the water.

The water molecules in ice are farther apart than those in liquid water, so the ice floats, maintaining the warmer, denser water at the lake bottom.

The water molecules in ice are closer together than those in liquid water, so the ice prevents the passage of air to the water, maintaining a constant gas mixture in the water.

The water molecules in ice are closer together than those in liquid water, so the ice forms a barrier that protects the organisms in the water from the freezing air temperatures.

The water molecules in ice are farther apart than those in liquid water, so the ice floats, preventing the escape of gases from the liquid water.

The process of hydrogenation is used in the food industry to convert lipids that are liquids at room temperature into solids at room temperature. The process involves the chemical addition of hydrogen atoms to the fatty acid tails of lipids, breaking some or all of the carbon-carbon double bonds in the fatty acid tails. Which of the following best explains why hydrogenation converts liquid lipids to solid lipids?

Hydrogenation makes the fatty acids more saturated, enabling them to be more densely packed together.

Hydrogenation makes the fatty acids less saturated, enabling them to be more densely packed together.

Hydrogenation makes the fatty acids more saturated, resulting in fewer lipid molecules fitting within a given space.

Hydrogenation makes fatty acids less saturated, resulting in fewer lipid molecules fitting within a given space.

Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in Table 1?

Sample A contains nucleic acids.

Sample C contains nucleic acids.

Based on Figure 1, the amino acids in region A are most likely to have which of the following characteristics?

Most amino acids will be hydrophobic because they interact most favorably with the phospholipid tails.

Most amino acids will be hydrophilic because they interact most favorably with the phospholipid heads.

Most amino acids will be ionic amino acids because they interact most favorably with the phospholipid tails.

Most amino acids will be polar amino acids because they interact most favorably with the phospholipid heads.

Which of the following statements best describes the structure of complex carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides are connected by covalent bonds.

Several polysaccharide chains are linked via hydrogen bonds.

Several polysaccharide chains are linked via ionic bonds.

Monosaccharides are joined by peptide bonds.

A feature of organic compounds NOT found in inorganic compounds is the presence of

carbon atoms covalently bonded to each other

Figure 1 represents a common process that occurs in organisms. Which of the following is an accurate description of the process shown in Figure 1?

The formation of a covalent peptide bond in a dehydration synthesis reaction

The linking of amino acids with an ionic bond as an initial step in the protein synthesis process

The formation of a more complex carbohydrate with the covalent bonding of two simple sugars

The hydrolysis of amino acids with the breaking of covalent bonds with the release of water

Which of the following best describes the role of phospholipids?

Phospholipids form the lipid bilayer found in cell membranes.

Phospholipids provide structural stability to animal cell membranes.

Phospholipids support physiological functions, including growth.

Phospholipids provide energy storage and support cell function.

Phosphorous (P) is an important nutrient for plant growth. Figure 1 shows Arabidopsis thaliana plants grown under phosphorus-sufficient (left) and phosphorus-starved (right) conditions for six weeks. Which of the following is the most likely reason for the difference in leaf growth?

The phosphorus-starved plant was unable to synthesize both the required carbohydrates and nucleic acids, limiting growth.

The phosphorus-starved plant was unable to synthesize both the required proteins and lipids, limiting growth.

The phosphorus-starved plant was unable to synthesize both the required proteins and carbohydrates, limiting growth.

The phosphorus-starved plant was unable to synthesize both the required nucleic acids and lipids, limiting growth.

Which of the following best explains how water is able to move upward from the roots of a plant, through its xylem in the stem, and out to the leaves?

Water moves upward due to capillary action, cohesion, and transpiration pull.

Water is pushed upward by gravity acting on the plant.

Water moves upward because of active transport in the xylem.

Water is carried upward by the plant's phloem tissue.

Water is polar, and the walls of the xylem are nonpolar. Water molecules have the ability to form hydrogen bonds with one another but not with the xylem walls.

Water is nonpolar, and the walls of the xylem are polar. Water molecules are able to form hydrogen bonds with the xylem walls, and they are pulled up the xylem.

Water and the xylem are both nonpolar. Water molecules have the ability to form hydrogen bonds with one another but not with the xylem walls.

Water and the xylem are both polar. Water molecules have the ability to form hydrogen bonds with each other and with the walls of the xylem.

Which of the following correctly shows the order in which protein X moves through the cell?

Endoplasmic reticulum→Golgi apparatus→lysosomes

Endoplasmic reticulum→Golgi apparatus→nucleus→cytoplasm→lysosomes

Extracellular space→mitochondria→cytoplasm

Golgi apparatus→cytoplasm→lysosomes

Cytoplasm→mitochondria→extracellular space

In graphing the data from this experiment, the sampling time would be shown on the x-axis because

sampling time is the independent variable

cell components were shown on the y-axis

radioactivity level shows the most variation

time values are always located on the horizontal axis

all quantitative values are represented on the x-axis

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the size and shape of a cell and the ability of the cell to move substances across the membrane?

Smaller irregularly shaped cells are more efficient at dissipating heat than large irregularly shaped cells.

Larger and more round-shaped cells are more efficient at moving substances across the membrane than small round-shaped cells.

Smaller and more oval-shaped cells release waste more slowly than large oval-shaped cells.

Larger cube-shaped cells obtain nutrients more quickly than small cube-shaped cells.

Plant cell walls are composed of cellulose, while fungal cell walls are composed of chitin. A group of scientists hypothesize that this difference means the cell wall has largely different functions in plant cells and fungal cells. Alternatively, another group of scientists hypothesize that despite their biochemical differences, plant and fungal cell walls serve similar functions. Which of the following observations would best support the alternative hypothesis described above?

In both plant cells and fungal cells, the cell wall surrounds the outside of the cell membrane.

Plant cell walls are found just outside the plasma membrane, while fungal cell walls are found just beneath the plasma membrane.

Some plant cells have secondary cell walls that confer additional rigidity, while fungal cells do not.

Photosynthesis occurs in plant cells, but it does not occur in fungal cells.

Researchers have proposed a model of chloroplast evolution. According to the model, chloroplasts evolved from a small prokaryotic organism that was engulfed by an ancestral eukaryote. The engulfed prokaryote then formed an endosymbiotic relationship with the eukaryotic host. Which of the following observations best supports the model?

Chloroplasts and some prokaryotes share similar photosynthetic reactions.

Chloroplasts are separated from other subcellular compartments by semipermeable membranes.

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms both acquire nutrients from the surrounding environment.

Eukaryotes evolved after prokaryotes and have more complex structures.

Cystic fibrosis is a recessively inherited disorder that results from a mutation in the gene encoding CFTR chloride ion channels located on the surface of many epithelial cells. As shown in the figure, the mutation prevents the normal movement of chloride ions from the cytosol of the cell to the extracellular fluid. As a consequence of the mutation, the mucus layer that is normally present on the surface of the cells becomes exceptionally dehydrated and viscous. An answer to which of the following questions would provide the most information about the association between the CFTR mutation and the viscous mucus?

How does the disrupted chloride movement affect the movement of sodium ions and water by the cell?

Is the mucus also secreted from the cells through the CFTR proteins?

How does the mutation alter the structure of the CFTR proteins?

What is the change in nucleotide sequence that results in the CFTR mutation?

Which of the following scientific questions is most relevant to the model represented in the figure above?

Which molecular substance is actively transported across the plasma membrane?

Is ATP required for the transportation of sugars across the outer mitochondrial membrane?

Do the types of phospholipids in a membrane affect the rate at which molecules enter a cell by passive diffusion?

How does temperature affect the movement of molecules into lysosomes?

What additional procedure would best help determine whether these movements are due to active transport or to passive transport?

Measure the effect of temperature on the rate of movement.

Change the pH of the solution and observe the movement.

Add a specific enzyme and observe the movement.

Increase the concentration of the substance outside the cell.

Repeat the original experiment, but at three different temperatures. Compare the transport rates among the three temperatures.

Repeat the original experiment, but add a substance known to block movement of molecules across aquaporins. Compare the rates on the two graphs.

Repeat the original experiment, but at three different temperatures. Compare the transport rates among the three temperatures.

Use two additional treatments, one containing only ethyl alcohol and one containing only acetate. Compare the graphs of these two treatments with the original graph.

Use two additional treatments, one containing only ethyl alcohol and one containing only acetate. Include a substance known to block ATP use by the plasma membrane. Compare the graphs of these two treatments to the original graph.

All eukaryotic cells contain at least one Golgi complex, typically located in the cytoplasm and near the endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes a process that occurs within the Golgi complex?

Enzymatic modification of newly synthesized integral membrane proteins

Synthesis of cytosolic proteins based on the nucleotide sequences of mRNAs

Degradation of proteins by hydrolytic enzymes contained within the complex

Synthesis of various types of lipids

Gaucher disease is an inherited disorder in which cells of the body are unable to break down a particular type of lipid, resulting in a buildup of the lipid in some tissues and organs. Based on the information provided, Gaucher disease results most directly from a defect in the function of which of the following organelles?

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following best explains how the phospholipid bilayer of a transport vesicle contributes to cellular functions?

The phospholipid bilayer allows the vesicle to fuse with the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane, allowing the exocytosis of proteins.

The phospholipid bilayer physically connects the nuclear envelope to the rough endoplasmic reticulum, thus increasing the rate of transcription and translation.

The phospholipid bilayer of a transport vesicle contains chemicals that digest the proteins made in the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

The phospholipid bilayer contains enzymes that catalyze the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen.

Organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum have membranes that compartmentalize reactions and other metabolic processes. To function properly, the organelles must move substances across their membranes. Which of the following statements describes a feature shared by mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum that increases the efficiency of their basic functions?

They have highly folded membranes.

They have rigid, nonfluid membranes.

They have membranes composed of many carbohydrates.

They have double membranes, with one membrane enclosed within the other.

A student peeled the skins from grapes, exposing cells with membranes that are only permeable to water and small diffusible solutes. The student measured the mass of the peeled grapes. The student then placed each peeled grape into one of five solutions. After 24 hours, the student removed the peeled grapes from the solutions, measured their final mass, and calculated the percent change in mass (Table 1). Mercurial sulfhydryl is an inhibitor of aquaporins. Which of the following is the most likely effect of adding mercurial sulfhydryl to the distilled water solution?

The grape cells will gain water more slowly because of a lack of facilitated diffusion.

The grape cells will burst because of excess water entering by active transport.

The grape cells will gain more water because of the activation of the transport protein.

The grape cells will shrink because active transport has been inhibited.

Assuming a negligible pressure potential, which of the following best predicts the net movement of the small diffusible solutes and water in the second experiment?

Small diffusible solutes will diffuse out of the grape cells and water will diffuse into the cells.

Small diffusible solutes will diffuse into the grape cells, followed by water.

Small diffusible solutes will diffuse out of the grape cells, followed by water.

Small diffusible solutes will diffuse into the grape cells and water will diffuse out of the cells.

Unit 1 and 2 Midterm Review

Authored by Mary Stuart

Science

11th Grade

NGSS covered

Used 1+ times

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

The CFTR protein is made up of 1,480 amino acids linked together in a chain. Some humans produce a version of the CFTR protein in which phenylalanine (an amino acid) has been deleted from position 508 of the amino acid chain. Which of the following best predicts how the amino acid deletion will affect the structure of the CFTR protein?

It will have no observable effect on the structure of the CFTR protein.

It will affect the primary structure of the CFTR protein, but the other levels of protein structure will not be affected.

It will affect the secondary and tertiary structures of the CFTR protein, but the primary structure will not be affected.

It will affect the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of the CFTR protein.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Which of the following describes a key difference among the 20 amino acids that are used to make proteins?

Only some amino acids have an R-group.

Only some amino acids have a carboxyl group (COOH).

Some amino acids are hydrophobic.

Some amino acids contain the element phosphorus.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Scientists examined the folded structure of a purified protein resuspended in water and found that amino acids with nonpolar R groups were primarily buried in the middle of the protein, whereas amino acids with polar R groups were primarily on the surface of the protein. Which of the following best explains the location of the amino acids in the folded protein?

Polar R groups on the surface of the protein can form ionic bonds with the charged ends of the water molecules.

Polar R groups are too bulky to fit in the middle of the protein and are pushed toward the protein’s surface.

Nonpolar R groups that cannot form hydrogen bonds with water are pushed into the middle of the protein.

Nonpolar R groups from different parts of the protein form covalent bonds with each other to maintain the protein’s structure.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

The carbohydrates glucose, galactose, and fructose have the same chemical formula (C6H12O6) but different structural formulas, as represented in the figure. Which of the following statements about glucose, galactose, and fructose is most likely true?

The carbohydrates have the same properties because they have the same number of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

The carbohydrates have the same properties because they each have a single carbon-oxygen double bond.

The carbohydrates have different properties because they have different arrangements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

The carbohydrates have different properties because they have different numbers of carbon-carbon bonds.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Which of the following best describes how the carbohydrate polymer is being built in Figure 1?

A water molecule is added to form a hydrogen bond between two monomers.

A water molecule is added to form a covalent bond between two monomers.

A water molecule is removed to form a hydrogen bond between two monomers.

A water molecule is removed to form a covalent bond between two monomers.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Different polysaccharides are used by plants for energy storage and structural support. The molecular structures for two common polysaccharides are shown in Figure 1. Starch is used by plants for energy storage, and cellulose provides structural support for cell walls. The monomer used to construct both molecules is glucose. A study determined the effect of two different digestive enzymes, A and B, on these two polysaccharides. Table 1 presents the data from the study. Mammals do not produce digestive enzyme B. However, sheep and cattle are two types of mammals that contain microorganisms in their digestive tract that produce enzyme B. Which of the following would most likely occur if cattle lost the ability to maintain a colony of microorganisms in their digestive tract?

(A) Cattle would no longer be able to synthesize cellulose.

(B) Cattle would have to convert cellulose to starch before digesting it.

(D) Cattle would no longer be able to use cellulose as a primary source of glucose.

Which of the following is responsible for the cohesive property of water?

Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of two adjacent water molecules

Covalent bonds between the hydrogen atoms of two adjacent water molecules

Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule

Covalent bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another water molecule

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules and other types of molecules

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